MindMap Gallery History of Foreign Journalism
This is a mind map about the history of foreign journalism. The main content includes: Africa, Venice, ancient Rome, radio and television, news agencies, Latin America, Asia, Russia, Japan, Germany, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Edited at 2024-10-24 17:33:48This template shows the structure and function of the reproductive system in the form of a mind map. It introduces the various components of the internal and external genitals, and sorts out the knowledge clearly to help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge.
This is a mind map about the interpretation and summary of the relationship field e-book, Main content: Overview of the essence interpretation and overview of the relationship field e-book. "Relationship field" refers to the complex interpersonal network in which an individual influences others through specific behaviors and attitudes.
This is a mind map about accounting books and accounting records. The main contents include: the focus of this chapter, reflecting the business results process of the enterprise, the loan and credit accounting method, and the original book of the person.
This template shows the structure and function of the reproductive system in the form of a mind map. It introduces the various components of the internal and external genitals, and sorts out the knowledge clearly to help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge.
This is a mind map about the interpretation and summary of the relationship field e-book, Main content: Overview of the essence interpretation and overview of the relationship field e-book. "Relationship field" refers to the complex interpersonal network in which an individual influences others through specific behaviors and attitudes.
This is a mind map about accounting books and accounting records. The main contents include: the focus of this chapter, reflecting the business results process of the enterprise, the loan and credit accounting method, and the original book of the person.
History of Foreign Journalism
ancient rome
BC59
"Daily News"
earliest official communiqué
Announcement style handwritten news
news letter
The longest-standing form of handwriting communication in ancient Western history
Venice
1536
Handwritten tabloids
Originated in Venice, Italy
Germany
Modern times
1450
Johnny Gutenberg invented movable metal type printing
It is a sign of entering print communication.
The third milestone in the history of human communication
16th century
"Folgers News"
One of the most famous handwritten tabloids
Written by the wealthy Augsburg merchant family Fuggers
1609
"Notice - Report or News" "Report"
First newspaper (weekly)
Augsburg appears
1650
"New Arrival News" ("Leipzig News")
The world's oldest daily newspaper
Founded in Leipzig by German bookseller Timothy Ritzher
1760 (1860s)
The First Industrial Revolution "Steam Age"
1798
"General Report"
Founded by Kota
A large number of reports on the process of the French Revolution showed a certain democratic tendency
During the European revolutionary turmoil in the 1830s and 1940s, it provided timely news and rich content, making it the most famous newspaper in Germany.
Engels compared it to Germany's "The Times"
1842
"Rhineland Politics, Business and Industry Daily" ("Rheinische Zeitung")
Founded by some representatives of the bourgeoisie in Rheincologne, Germany
Marx wrote articles for it, revealing many major social issues, which were later seized.
1844
"German-French Yearbook"
Marx participated in the founding
Engels called it Germany's first socialist publication
1848
"Neue Rheinische Zeitung"
The world's first Marxist daily newspaper
Newspaper features
Adhere to the proletarian stance and take publicity of the revolutionary program as the primary task
Contact the masses, represent the people, and actively guide the movement
Strong revolutionary love and hate, distinctive fighting style
Newspaper running practice
It is a vivid embodiment of Marx and Engels’ proletarian press thoughts and the continuation and development of the people’s press thoughts.
1850
"New Rhine Review of Political Economy"
1856
Frankfurter Zeitung and Handelsblatt
A business newspaper with important influence at home and abroad
german publisher zonnemann
modern
1870 (1870s)
second industrial revolution
The emergence of monopoly organizations
1879
Social-Democrat
In order to fight against the persecution of the reactionary government, the leaders of the German party decided to publish an official newspaper abroad. On September 28, 1879, the "Social-Democrat" was published. This is a weekly newspaper that was first published in Paris and then moved to London for a total of 12 years. During the publication of the newspaper, Marx and Engels continued to provide care and guidance. It was one of the most important newspapers in the international and German labor movement at that time. In 1890, the Anti-Socialist Law was repealed and the newspaper ceased publication.
has always pursued an opportunistic line and vigorously promoted the cult of personality
Marx and Engels severely criticized
Founded by the Lassalleans
1887
"People's Observer"
The leading newspaper in the country during the French rule
Nazi organ
1914-1918
first world war
Monopoly organizations promote imperialism to carve up the world
1918
The Communist Party of Germany is founded
The official newspaper "Red Flag"
1939-1945
Second World War
anti fascist war
1945
"Süddeutsche Zeitung"
1949 Changed from weekly newspaper to daily newspaper
1946
Le Monde
Springer News Group Holdings 3/4
1947
Der Spiegel
Germany's most influential news weekly
Published in German and English
1949
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
cross-regional daily
Represents the interests of the industrial community and pays attention to economic news and international news
The readers are mainly people from the political, industrial and commercial circles, and cultural and educational circles.
The content is divided into three parts: politics, economics, and literature. There are special sections on science and technology, books, and travel every day. The layout is serious, the title is small, and there are very few pictures.
The weekend edition is full of pictures and texts, with various themes, and advertisements account for about 50% of the page.
1952
"Bild"
A popular newspaper with pictures and texts
Founded in Hamburg
1990
The Trusteeship Board used by the Federal German government to take over the state-owned industries of the East Germany was established.
at present
Be the earliest to sign up for a tour
moss newspaper group
Sher News Group
Ulstein newspaper group
Important report
Springer News Group
The largest newspaper group in the Federal Republic of Germany and even in Europe
Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
sueddeutsche newspaper group
stuttgarter newspaper group
Cologne City Advertising Group
Frankfurter Zeitung
U.K.
Modern times
1528
King Henry VIII of England issued an order to restrict the development of the printing industry
1538
Formal establishment of the royal charter system
All publications must be licensed, otherwise publication is prohibited
1557
Queen Mary orders the establishment of a Royal Chartered Publishing Company
Only printers chartered by the Queen can become members of the company, and members of the company can engage in printing and publishing.
1570
Star Court (Royal Publishing Court)
The most complete manifestation of the feudal dynasty's restriction of freedom of the press
Promulgate a Star Court decree to strictly control publishing activities
1621
"Weekly News"
Britain's oldest officially chartered weekly newspaper
1640
The publishing franchise system was abolished and the Star Court Act was repealed.
1644
Milton's "On the Freedom of the Press"
Comprehensive criticism of the shortcomings of the publishing censorship system
1. Emphasize that people’s freedom of speech and publication is their inherent right
2. This kind of freedom "is the nurse of all great wisdom." Restricting this freedom will only harm the truth. Only by protecting freedom of speech and publication can truth defeat error in debates.
1649
Cromwell's military dictatorship
"Political Messenger"
"Public Intelligence Agent"
1650
Restoration of Charles II
"Popular Messenger"
"Congress Intelligencer"
1665
"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society"
still published today
Oxford Gazette (London Gazette)
The first British newspaper to be printed on both sides of a single page
It marks the transformation of newspapers from the past newsbooks or pamphlets to real "newsprint" newspapers.
The world's oldest surviving newspaper
1688-1689
Glorious Revolution
Overthrow the rule of James II and establish a constitutional monarchy
Bill of Rights King Rules Without Rule
1693
The British Parliament repealed the Press Suppression Act, and the newspaper industry began to develop actively
1702
"Daily News"
Britain's oldest daily newspaper
Founded by Edward Mallett
1712
knowledge tax
British Parliament passes bill under Tory manipulation
content
stamp duty
levied on all newspapers and periodicals
paper tax
Levy on paper used by newspapers and periodicals
advertising tax
levy on advertisements published
1731
"Gentleman's Magazine"
Founded by Cave
First time using magazine as a publication title
early 18th century
Three major review journals
"Comment"
Daniel Didiford
"Tatler"
steele and addison
"The Spectator"
steele and addison
1760 (1860s)
The First Industrial Revolution "Steam Age"
1785
"The Times" ("Daily Global Record")
Founded in London by John Walter
Founded under the trend of press independence, the main representative of the British bourgeois non-party press
Spokesperson of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, closely related to the ruling class
Speeches and criticisms often influence parliamentary debates and resolutions, earning him the nickname "Big Thunder God"
Foreign correspondents are often called “second ambassadors”
Someone who once owned The Times
John Walter
Harmsworth (Northern Rock)
Thomson
Murdoch
Astor family
British independent press era
famous newspapers
"Daily Advertiser"
"Popular Advertiser"
"morning chronicle"
"Morning Post"
The Times
Influential periodicals in the 18th century
"Comment"
"The Spectator"
"Tatler"
1801
"Weekly News"
Published in London
The purpose of the newspaper is "the merger of education and entertainment"
1821
Manchester Guardian
Founded in Manchester by John Taylor
The spokesperson of the Liberal Party, with a liberal and democratic political stance and a unique view on news
Rigorous in style, he values speech and believes that editorials “are the basic reason for the existence of newspapers.”
Published simultaneously in London and Manchester, inheriting the tradition of attaching importance to speech and attaching great importance to international news
Readers are mainly political, intellectual and middle class
Britain's three major newspapers
The Times
Manchester Guardian
"Daily Telegraph"
1830
"Poor Herald"
The first workers' newspaper to propose workers' freedom of press and publication
"Published to express protest and fight against power with justice"
Hetherington, O'Brien
1836-1840
Chartism
British labor movement
1837
"North Star"
Chartist movement's most famous newspaper
Representative of modern British proletarian political newspapers
Chartist left-wing leader Fergus O'Connor founded Leeds
1843
"World News"
Mainly yellow news, black news and cultural and sports news
"economist"
Founded in London
Britain's most influential weekly magazine
Originally an economic magazine, it gradually turned into a real-time political weekly, which attracted international attention.
Usually reflects the views of the British monopoly bourgeoisie, and is mainly read by politicians in the economic circles of various countries.
Half of sales in the United States
1855
"Daily Telegraph"
Britain's most influential cheap newspaper (Penny News)
Britain's largest daily newspaper
Lawson "Father of British Press"
reform
Expand news coverage, pay attention to the interest of newspapers, and pay attention to social news
Reform the layout and use large fonts and multiple lines of titles to make them more eye-catching
Pay attention to recruiting talents
1864
"Hive" was established as an official newspaper by the International Central Committee
modern
1870 (1870s)
second industrial revolution
The emergence of monopoly organizations
1896
Daily Mail
An early representative of modern British newspapers
Harmsworth "Lord Northern Rock"
The earliest group booking in the UK: Northern Rock Group
Answer magazine
Daily Mail
Daily Mirror
The Times
"The Observer"
Served as government propaganda director during World War I
1903
Daily Mirror
women's tabloid
Founded by Harmsworth
1912
Daily Herald
The predecessor of The Sun
Founded in london by writer sid
1923 Became the organ of the British Labor Party
1914-1918
first world war
Monopoly organizations promote imperialism to carve up the world
1920
The Communist Party of Great Britain is founded
"Communist" Weekly
Party organs and publications
1923 renamed "Workers Weekly"
1930
"Worker Daily"
organ of the british communist party
Published a congratulatory letter from the Communist International and published Lenin’s famous quotes
Between World War I and World War II
Main tour groups
Rothermere newspaper group
beaverbrook newspaper group
Berry Brothers Newspaper Group
1939-1945
Second World War
anti fascist war
1966
"Worker Daily" renamed "Morning Star"
The Communist Party of Britain strengthens its alliance with the "left"
communist newspaper
1990
The Federal Government of Germany establishes a trusteeship
Take over and privatize state-owned industries in the GDR
After World War II
Main tour groups
Thomson Group
Murdoch Group
1981 Purchased The Times
Maxwell Group
at present
Upper class newspaper
The Times
"Daily Telegraph"
The Guardian
Financial Times
"The Independent"
France
Modern times
1631
"Newspaper" ("Gazette")
France's first continuously published weekly newspaper
Issued by charter of the King, it is the official mouthpiece. It mainly reports on foreign news, and later added domestic news and advertisements, as well as political commentary.
Founded by Renaudeau, the "Father of French Newspaper Industry"
"Information from Various Places"
1665
Scholar Magazine
The world's oldest magazine
Published in Paris
1672
"Elegant Messenger"
Published in Lyon
1777
"Paris News"
France's first daily newspaper
1789-1794
french revolution
Capture the Bastille, overthrow the Bourbons, and establish a constitutional monarchy
Declaration of Human Rights
The first official document in human history that clearly stipulates freedom of the press
Jacobin newspapers
1789 "Friends of the People"
The most famous newspaper of the Revolution Is the main mouthpiece of the bourgeois revolutionary democrats
Founded by Marat
"Papa Douchet"
The most popular newspaper of the Revolution
Founded by Abel
Advocating for "permanent, inviolable and unrestricted freedom" for newspapers and periodicals
"France and Brabant Revolution"
Founded by Desmoulins
1804
Napoleon proclaims himself emperor
Keep four official newspapers
The Monitor
"Paris News"
"France"
"Empire Daily"
"One newspaper is worth three thousand muskets"
1815
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon abdicates
The Bourbon Restoration
1819
Serge Press Act
The first press law in French history and the first complete press law in human history
Laws related to the press and publishing laws promulgated during the Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty
Justice Minister Sergei Searle pushed for the enactment of
1830
July Revolution
Opposition to the Bourbon Restoration
1832
Le Serne
The world's longest existing French daily newspaper
1831-1834
Workers' uprising in Lyon, France
Oppose the restoration of the feudal dynasty
1920s-1940s
workers' press
"Worker Daily"
"The Handicraftsman"
"Factory Echo"
"People's Hive"
"The People's Daily of 1841"
1836
cheap business newspaper
"News"
bourgeois journalist girardin
Features
Reduce political news and speech; publish more social news and court news;
Publish hygiene, health, food and other life knowledge;
Published literary works, Balzac's "The Spinster", the first of its kind to be serialized;
The first to lower bids by increasing advertising revenue
"The Century"
Dutak's independent business and low-cost newspaper
The first to publish short stories, Balzac's "Captain Paul" and Alexandre Dumas's "The Three Musketeers"
1871
Paris Commune
The proletariat overthrew the reactionary rule of the bourgeoisie
Newspapers supporting the Commune
Gazette of the French Republic
The most important newspaper during the Commune period, expensive
"Papa Douchet"
famous doctor marat
"Social Revolution"
"Commune News"
Published by Proudhonist
1881
"Press Freedom Act"
The earliest formal press law in developed countries
The world's first complete press law
significance
A comprehensive summary of the development process of press freedom after the French Revolution, which is the result of the French press’s long-term struggle for press freedom.
It is the embodiment of freedom of speech and publication proclaimed in the Declaration of Human Rights and is of great significance to the development of the French newspaper industry.
content
Clearly stipulates the right to freedom of printing and publishing
Daily newspapers or periodical publications only need to declare their name, publication method, manager's name and address, and newspaper publisher to the procuratorate. After completing this procedure, they can be published without prior approval or payment of a deposit.
stipulates certain boundaries, penalties and litigation procedures for news and other publications that incite crime, obstruct public affairs, infringe on personal rights, etc.
modern
1881-1914
The "golden age" of French newspapers
turn of the century
The most influential commercial daily in France (the four major daily newspapers in France)
"Little News"
"Le Petit Parisien"
"Morning News"
"News"
1904
"Humanité"
French Socialist Party founder Jean Jaures
organ of the socialist party
1914-1918
first world war
Monopoly organizations promote imperialism to carve up the world
1915
"Duck Cry News"
Important French satirical publication
1921
Add incense and establish the Communist Party
1923
"Humanité" established as the central organ of the French Communist Party
between World War I and World War II
Acquisition of industrial and commercial enterprises to form a syndicate
Provost Group
Coty Group
Wende Group
Paternot Newspaper Group
1939-1945
Second World War
anti fascist war
1944
Le Monde
France's most influential daily newspaper
The content focuses on current political affairs at home and abroad, with many explanatory reports and a serious layout. The readers are mainly the upper class intellectuals, politicians and business circles.
Founded in Paris by the famous journalist Belle Bove Merriman
"France Evening News"
Philip Viana
Formerly known as the 1941 underground publication "Defense of France"
1949
"Paris Match"
France's most representative current affairs pictorial
It is currently owned by the Hachette Newspaper Group and the Philippaxi Newspaper Group.
1953
"Express"
France's most influential news weekly
1854
Le Figaro
France's oldest surviving daily newspaper
Changed from weekly to daily in 1866
1887
New York Herald
The European edition is today's International Herald Tribune
After World War II
Three stages of newspaper monopoly
late 1940s - early 1950s
Many of the newspapers established after the war closed down due to competition. A number of relatively strong newspapers emerged, laying the foundation for the formation of newspaper syndicates in the future.
Mid-1950s-1960s
In the competition, some small and medium-sized newspapers gradually attached themselves to major newspapers and evolved into their local editions. As a result, about 20 regional newspaper groups with major newspapers as the core were formed.
After the 1970s
The monopoly of the newspaper industry has been further upgraded, from joint ventures or mergers between newspapers to joint ventures or mergers between newspaper groups
1990s
"L'Ouest de France"
France's largest regional newspaper by circulation
at present
Main tour groups
ersan newspaper group
The largest newspaper group in France
Le Figaro
"France Evening News"
Hachette Group
France's largest book publishing and newspaper distribution group
Amory newspaper group
Le Parisien libération
The largest sports daily "L'Equipe"
Local newspaper "Western Courier"
"Mann Free Press"
"Viewpoint"
world publishing group
Owns a number of popular magazines
bayard newspaper group
historic catholic newspaper group
More than 20 kinds of newspapers and periodicals, mostly religious
USA.
Modern times
1690
"Public Events at Home and Abroad"
The first newspaper in the North American colonies
Boston printer Benjamin Harris
1704
"Boston Newsletter"
The first continuously published newspaper in the North American colonies
Boston Postmaster John Campbell
1733
New York Weekly
German immigrant Zenger
Zenger case: Article criticizing colonial governor Cosby → "Crime of slandering the government" → Arrested in 1734 → Lawyer Andrew Hamilton defended it "Only lies constitute libel, and every citizen has the freedom to state the unobjectionable truth" → The verdict of Zenger not guilty → inspired the people of North America to fight for freedom of the press.
1775
"Pennsylvania Evening Post"
Published in Philadelphia
"Pennsylvania"
"Pennsylvania Post"
"Pennsylvania News"
America's first daily newspaper
1775-1783
American Revolutionary War
Outstanding newspaper activist
adams
Propagandaist, revolutionary organizer, newspaperman. Believing that the British government had deprived the colonial people of their basic rights, It is perfectly reasonable for a colony to become independent from the mother country. This view became an important ideological weapon for the revolutionaries.
thomas
Born as a printer, he co-founded a newspaper and bought the property rights to run it alone. Publicly promote independence in newspapers. After the battle of Lexington began, he was the first to publish detailed reports to encourage the people to join the battle.
Thomas Paine
He once served as editor of the "Pennsylvania Magazine", accusing Britain of being tyrannical and promoting the outlawing of black slavery. Published a political pamphlet "Common Sense", which pointed out that fighting for independence is a matter of common sense. It inspired the people's determination and courage to fight and was considered a loud clarion call for the War of Independence. As the current situation developed, 13 more articles titled "Crisis" were published, boosting morale at critical moments.
Thomas Jefferson drafts the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence drafted by Jefferson is an important document of the bourgeois revolution and an incisive summary of bourgeois democratic political theory. Marx called it mankind's "first declaration of human rights." After the struggle led by him, Congress enacted the Constitutional Amendment in 1789, the "Bill of Rights", with a total of 10 articles.
1789
Bill of Rights
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or depriving the people of their right to peacefully assemble and to petition the government.
1827
"Machinist Employee Advocate"
Founded in Philadelphia
first workers newspaper
1833
"The Sun"
Benjamin Day
Distribute at low prices; attract large amounts of advertising; local news and social news; do not hesitate to publish false scientific reports
Pay attention to advertising revenue and start a commercial tabloid
1834
"All-China Federation of Trade Unions"
Founded by the National Federation of Trade Unions of the United States
Actively spoke for workers on issues such as wages and working hours, currency reform, factory regulations, national education, convict labor, free land, etc.
1835
new york herald
Bennett
Local news, national information and international news; the first financial news column; the first social news column; the first sports news; a column for letters from readers
1924 Merged with the Tribune to become the New York Herald Tribune
1841
New York Tribune
Horace Gerry
Abandon sensationalism; advocate social reform; develop the west and oppose slavery; crack down on businessmen, severely punish corrupt officials, ban tobacco and alcohol, and protect tariffs; attach importance to recruiting talents
"Moral Organ"
new york three pennies
"The Sun"
Herald
"Tribune"
modern
1851
The New York Times
One of the oldest and most influential newspapers in American history
It abandoned the sensationalist style of the Sun and the Herald and the politically radical attitude of the Tribune, advocating for accurate news and moderate speech. The newspaper's coverage of the Civil War was excellent. It actually always reflected Raymond's partisanship.
Known as "Archival Record Newspaper"
Founded by Henry Raymond
1861-1865
civil war
abolition of slavery
1877
"Washington Post"
Large daily newspaper
1881
Los Angeles Times
One of the three major newspapers in the United States
1883
Pulitzer acquires Le Monde
Sunday edition of the famous comic strip "Hogan's Alley" "The Yellow Kid"
“Yellow journalism”: reports written in a sensationalist style
1889
The Wall Street Journal
Published by Dow Jones & Company in New York
A daily newspaper focusing on finance, developing from a financial professional newspaper to a comprehensive daily newspaper
Representing the interests of the big bourgeoisie politically, the editorial page often makes influential remarks on major domestic and foreign issues.
There are currently four local editions in China, with basically the same content, except for local news and advertisements.
1895
Hearst's New York News
Competing with "Le Monde" for "yellow children"
1914-1918
first world war
Monopoly organizations promote imperialism to carve up the world
1922
Reader's Digest
The largest selling journal in the United States
Comprehensive abstract magazine, materials come from newspapers, periodicals and books
The content is wide-ranging, ranging from international and domestic politics to social issues, science and medicine, and daily life.
The genres are diverse, the material selection is interesting, story-based, and informative, and the text is popular and fluent.
Founded by Wallace
1923
Time magazine
America's most influential magazine
Pioneering explanatory reporting
Henry Luce, Britton Harden
1933
Newsweek
One of the three major news weekly magazines in the United States
Founded in New York
U.S. News & World Report
One of the three major news weekly magazines in the United States
1939-1945
Second World War
anti fascist war
1982
USA Today
America's first comprehensive daily newspaper distributed nationwide
Gannett newspaper group founded in Washington
The content is concise and the arrangement is novel. The news is very short and does not pay attention to in-depth reports and column comments. It wins by being short.
The readers are mainly business people and tourists
at present
Main tour groups
Scripps Newspapers
America's first modern newspaper group
Gannett News Group
Currently the largest newspaper group in the United States
Founded in 1906
Since the 1960s, Gannett's successors have strengthened themselves by continuously swallowing up other newspapers.
In 1982, he founded the national daily "USA Today", which greatly increased his influence and became the largest newspaper group in the United States.
Knight-Reid Newspaper Group
Has 33 daily newspapers and 29 Sunday newspapers
Newhouse Group
Owns 23 daily newspapers and 21 Sunday newspapers
Times Mirror Group
Largest newspaper group in the western United States
chandler family
Dow Jones Group
new york times company
news media group
The owner is international communications giant Murdoch
Thomson newspaper group
Russia
Tsarist Russia period
1703
"News"
Russia's first printed official newspaper
Marked the birth of modern Russian newspaper industry
Founded by Tsar Peter I (Peter the Great)
A powerful tool of the tsarist government
Purpose: Report war news
The earliest to be founded and the longest to exist
1756
"Moscow News"
Moscow University was founded
Breaking the exclusive monopoly of the government-run "News"
1825
censorship law
iron code
1880
"Worker's Dawn"
The first secret workers’ publication in Russian history
Published by the "Russian Northern Workers' Association"
1885
"Worker Daily"
Russia's first social democratic newspaper
The first Marxist group in Russia, the Russian Social Democratic Party, was founded
1897
"Worker's Daily" founded in Kiev
1900
"Iskra"
The first all-Russian Marxist political newspaper
Founded by Lenin in Leipzig, Germany
Main content of promotion
Promote the party's program
Debate with the "economists"
Made important contributions to the Russian revolutionary movement
Unify the party's thinking
Unite dispersed organizations
Preparing for the Party Congress
1905
"Forward"
Founded by Lenin in Geneva
The first Bolshevik organ
"New Life News"
Founded in Petersburg
The first legal daily newspaper of the Bolsheviks
1912
Pravda
Lenin was founded in Petersburg
A political daily newspaper for the broad masses of workers to read
laid the foundation for the victory of the October Revolution
Expose the nature of the provisional government and propagate the idea of carrying the revolution to the end
Promote Lenin's "April Theses" and unify the thinking of the whole party
Promote the spirit of the April Congress and promote Soviet reorganization
Directly propagate and promote the October Armed Uprising
During the Great Patriotic War, it was called the "most advanced frontline newspaper"
1917
October Revolution
Under the leadership of Lenin, the proletarian revolution overthrew the Provisional Government and the Soviet Republic was established
soviet period
1938
Izvestia was renamed the organ of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
1956
"Soviet Rossiya"
After its founding, it became the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Soviet and the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation.
1988
The 19th Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union An Important Turning Point
1900
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union gave up its leadership of the country's political life and implemented a multi-party system
The Press Law "All-Soviet Press Law" is promulgated
Abolish press censorship
It stipulates that various organizations or individual citizens have the right to run newspapers
Expand the independent authority of newspaper handlers
1991
disintegration of the soviet union
The disintegration of Soviet socialist journalism
at present
Characteristics of Russia’s current newspaper system
1. Diversified forms of media ownership. Government-run newspapers and periodicals, party-run newspapers and periodicals, colleague-run newspapers and periodicals, and commercial-run newspapers and periodicals coexist in a diversified pattern.
2. Diversified media control forms. At present, the Russian government's regulation of the newspaper industry is a combination of administrative, economic, legal and other means.
Japan
Modern times
1867
"Western Magazine"
Japan's oldest magazine
Founded by Haruzo Yanagawa
1868
"Diary of the Grand Administrative Officer"
official office
1868-1912
Meiji Restoration
establish a constitutional monarchy
To enrich the country and strengthen the army, to colonize industry and develop industry, and to be civilized and enlightened
1868
The birth of modern Japanese newspapers
1869
"Newspaper Publishing Ordinance"
The first written press regulations in Japanese history
1871
"Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun"
Japan's first daily newspaper
Founder Zi Anjun
Japanese typesetting, single-sided printing
50/50 news coverage and 50/50 advertising
1870s-1880s
Japanese political newspaper period
Many newspapers were embroiled in battles between opposing factions
Become a typical "political newspaper"
1872
"Daily News"
It was Japan's largest newspaper before and during the war.
1874
"Yomiuri Shimbun"
Zi Anjun was founded in Tokyo
Originally a popular tabloid
Now published simultaneously in Tokyo, Osaka, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Hokuriku
Pay attention to social news and sports news, with lively layout and popular text
At the same time, we publish a variety of newspapers, periodicals and books, and operate various industries such as Japanese television and broadcasting companies, sports teams, orchestras, tourism and real estate, etc.
One of the top five newspapers in Japan
1879
"Asahi Shimbun"
Ryuhei Murayama was founded in Osaka
When political party newspapers were popular, they followed the "enterprise-oriented" policy and the "reporting first principle"
First to report that Zhang Zuolin’s train was bombed
1881
Establish a parliament to establish a constitution
Main party newspapers
"Free Press"
"Constitutional Party News"
"Current News"
"Postal Notification News"
"Tokyo Daily News"
1880 (1880s)
most influential newspaper
"Postal Notification News"
"Asahi Shimbun"
modern
1914-1918
first world war
Monopoly organizations promote imperialism to carve up the world
1918
White Rainbow Pen Disaster
The Japanese people opposed sending troops to intervene in Soviet Russia, rice prices soared, local riots occurred, and rallies were held
Journalists across the country hold Kansai rally to demand cabinet resignation
The Asahi Shimbun reported that the conference was called "White Rainbow Passage", which heralded political turmoil.
The authorities persecuted newspaper reporters on the grounds that the newspaper pointed the finger at the emperor.
1923
"Literary Spring and Autumn"
Japan's most prestigious comprehensive weekly
It was initially a literary and artistic publication, and later developed into a comprehensive publication covering various social and political fields.
1928
"Red Flag"
organ of the japanese communist party
The largest circulation among existing political party newspapers
1939-1945
Second World War
anti fascist war
1978
"Nihon Keizai Shimbun"
The first newspaper in Japan to implement fully automated computer-controlled layout and printing
militaristic period
Main measures to control the newspaper industry
Strengthen management organization
Limit reporting content
Control paper supply
Forced merger of newspapers
After World War II
Japan's five major national monopoly groups
"Yomiuri Shimbun"
"Asahi Shimbun"
"Daily News"
"Sankei Shimbun"
"Nihon Keizai Shimbun"
Asia
India
1780
"Bangladesh"
India's first newspaper
Founded in Calcutta by Englishman James Hickey
India's oldest surviving newspaper
mumbai news
Founded by Mahatma Gandhi of India
"Indian Public Opinion"
"Young India"
"New Life"
The most influential national daily newspaper at present
"Indian Express"
Times of India
The Hindu
Hindustan Times
Singapore
1845
The Straits Times
singapore english newspaper
1881
"Lak Bao"
The earliest Chinese-language newspaper founded by Chinese
A daily newspaper with real news
1923
"Nanyang Siang Pau"
Founded in Singapore by the famous Chinese leader and industrialist Tan Kah Kee
1929
"Sing Chew Daily"
A Chinese-language newspaper founded by Chinese industrialist and tiger balm manufacturer Hu Wenhu
1957
"Daily News"
Singapore’s only Malay daily newspaper
Malaysia
1972
English "New Straits Times"
Malaysia's most influential daily newspaper
Chinese newspapers
"Nanyang Siang Pau" Kuala Lumpur Edition
"Sin Chew Daily" Kuala Lumpur Edition
Delivering Asian messages with Asian values
Türkiye
1831
"Situation Calendar"
Türkiye's oldest newspaper
West Asia's oldest newspaper
at present
The most influential daily newspaper
"Morning News"
"National"
"Free Press"
The earliest country in West Asia to start broadcasting
latin america
Mexico
1679
"Mexico Gazette"
Mexico's earliest periodical
Founded by Spanish colonial authorities
1810
"America's Awakening"
Founded by patriotic priest Idar
1917
"Supreme News"
Mexico's most influential newspaper
Belongs to the left wing of society and has strong nationalist overtones
1965
Mexico Herald
Mexico's largest privately owned newspaper
Important daily newspapers in Mexico
Published in Spanish in the Capital
"Supreme News"
Mexico Herald
"daily"
Brazil
1808
"Brazilian Post"
The earliest newspaper in Latin America advocating national independence
Founded in London by José Martín, leader of the Brazilian independence movement
1875
Sao Paulo State Newspaper
Portuguese newspaper founded in São Paulo
“The New York Times of Latin America”
at present
Three major newspaper centers
brasilia
city of sao paulo
rio de janeiro
important newspapers
Sao Paulo State Newspaper
"Brazilian Journal"
"Globe"
Peru
1825
"Peruvian"
Latin America's oldest surviving newspaper
Peruvian government gazette
Chile
at present
major daily newspapers
The Courier
"The Nation"
"The Times Judge"
Africa
Egypt
1875
"Al-Ahram"
Africa's largest daily newspaper
1976
Tunisia holds communication seminar for non-aligned countries
1928
Radio begins in Egypt
at present
Three major daily newspapers
"Al-Ahram"
"Republic"
"Izvestia"
news agency
1835
Havas News Agency AH (France)
The world's first successful news agency
Charles Havas "the giant who controls French newspapers"
1846
Associated Press AP (US)
1849
Wolf News Agency WTB (Germany)
The founder of the German news and communications industry
Died between the two world wars
Port News Service (US)
A joint reporting organization composed of 6 newspapers in the United States
1851
Reuters Reuters (English)
For the first time in the world, news is transmitted simultaneously with the event process
Founded in London
1853
Stefani News Agency (Italy)
The earliest news agency specializing in covering domestic news
1870
"Serial Alliance" (Three Clubs and Four Sides Agreement)
Europe's three major news agencies
Havas
Wolfe Society
Reuters
united news agency
Not allowed outside the United States
1907
United Press UPI (US)
1909
International News Service (USA)
1925
Russian News Agency - TASS TACC (USSR)
In charge of all press work in the Soviet Union and responsible for collecting and publishing news throughout the Soviet Union and abroad.
It has a monopoly on domestic news distribution and provides all major news for domestic newspapers.
1939
EFE news agency (Spain)
The largest news agency in Spanish-speaking countries
semi-official
1944
Agence France-Presse (France)
The largest source of funds is subscription fees from government agencies
1945
ANSA (Italy)
12 Italian daily newspapers created in partnership
Replaces the already solved Stephanie News Agency
Italy's largest news agency
Focus on reporting on developing countries, especially Latin America.
Kyodo News (Japan)
Japan's largest news agency
semi-official
interamerican news agency (argentina)
Mainly broadcast national news
1948
press trust of india
India's largest news agency
1949
deutsche press agency
The largest news agency in the Federal Republic of Germany
1956
Middle East News Agency (Egypt)
The most influential news agency in the Arab world
1961
asia-pacific union of news agencies
A partner organization for news agencies in the Asia-Pacific region
1964
Exchange News Agency (Third World News Agency)
An international cooperation organization initiated by a group of European and American journalists
1975
union of arab news agencies
a cooperative organization of arab news agencies
Strengthen business ties between member states and ensure news reaches the outside world
1976
alliance of news agencies of non-aligned countries
Cooperation organization that reports on the real situation in non-aligned countries
Break the monopoly of big countries on news dissemination
caribbean news agency
Promote the socio-economic and cultural development of the community, especially help community members who are lagging behind in journalism
1983
pan african news agency
The purpose is to report African information according to African ideas and in African languages.
latin america special news agency (latin american special news agency)
Focus on the development achievements of Latin America and the Caribbean
at present
Russian private news agency
trace news agency
interfax
moscow news agency
panorama news agency
radio and television
Overview
1899-1901
Sending wireless telegrams from Britain to France and transoceanic telegrams
Italian Marconi
1920 (1920s)
Start-up stage
Radio stations established in many countries
1930-1940 (1930s-1940s)
great development stage
Broadcasting in Europe, America, Oceania, and Latin America is booming
Radio stations appeared one after another in underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa
1945 (after World War II)
Broadcasting is becoming more popular around the world
1990 (1990s)
new leap
Traditional analog broadcast → digital audio broadcast
Traditional wireless broadcast → combined with computer network
Netherlands
1927
The first Western broadcaster to launch external broadcasting
Broadcasting to overseas colonies (East India)
USA
1920
KDKA radio station launched
Westinghouse Electric Company was founded in Pittsburgh, USA
Marked the birth of world broadcasting
The first radio station to obtain a business license from the government
1927
CBS
Concurrently engaged in radio and television, recording and publishing businesses
Known for its high-rating news programs and outstanding program hosts, the American TV Festival
1942
Voice of America Radio VOA
Headquartered in Washington
It is the largest and most powerful international radio station in the world and the main foreign propaganda tool and mouthpiece of the U.S. government.
After World War II, it mainly carried out anti-communist propaganda and subtly promoted the American social system, lifestyle and values.
The world's first international radio station to go online
1954
NBC takes the lead in airing color programs
1962
The United States launches the "Densong-1" communications satellite
The first transoceanic television broadcast
1967
U.S. Congress passes Public Broadcasting Act
1968
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)
the national agency that regulates public broadcasting and television
Members of the Board of Governors are nominated by the President and appointed with the consent of the Senate
Responsibilities: Manage the funds allocated by the federal budget to public broadcasting and television, coordinate the relationship between various stations in the public system, and promote the development of public broadcasting and television.
1972
home theater
The earliest cable TV program company in the United States
Mainly provides movies and sports programs
1980
Cable News Network (CNN)
The most influential cable television program company in the United States
Begins broadcasting news via satellite to cable television systems in neighboring countries
Marks the birth of the international television industry
Headquartered in Atlanta
Merged into Time Warner in 1995
1984
american world television network
The world's first official international television station
1986
Fox Broadcasting Company (FBC)
Founded by Mercado
1993
Proposed the National Information Infrastructure Action Plan (commonly known as the Information Highway Plan)
1994
Voice of America (VOA) goes online
The world's first international radio station to go online
at present
America's largest national radio and television network
NBC
Joined forces with Microsoft to create a 24-hour news channel
CBS
Founded the magazine-style special report TV program "60 Minutes"
ABC
Fox Broadcasting Company FBC
U.K.
1932
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
The largest public broadcaster and television company in the Western world
State-owned public institutions
There are no advertisements or paid programs. The funds come from TV viewing fees paid by the audience, and external funds are allocated by the government.
Mission: Provide information, education, and entertainment (focusing on educational programs)
1936
British Broadcasting Corporation Television (BBC) begins regular television broadcasts
kicked off the world's television industry
The first institution in the world to establish a television transmitter and broadcast programs on a regular basis
The highest governing body is the Council
1955
london tv
The first commercial television station launched
1970s
The “duopoly” of British radio and television
IBA
BBC
1983
British Sky Broadcasting Company (BSY)
Adopt two methods: satellite live broadcast and cable TV network rebroadcast
1991
BBC World Service
1994 Co-founded World News Channel and Entertainment Channel with Pearson
Broadcasting programs to more than 100 countries 24 hours a day
1995
BBC uses digital technology to broadcast
The first radio station in the world to carry out nationwide digital audio broadcasting
at present
Clear provisions and restrictions on advertising under current regulations
Advertisements must be clearly distinguishable from the program
Advertisements should be arranged between programs and shall not be interspersed with advertisements during the program
Television advertising must not exceed 7 minutes per hour and radio advertising must not exceed 9 minutes per hour
Advertising may not be broadcast during the school's royal, parliamentary and celebration programs.
british radio and television system
British Broadcasting Corporation
independent television commission
radio broadcasting bureau
France
1922
The beginning of the history of French broadcasting
Business conditions
1922-1944
Mainly state-owned, with private ownership allowed
1945-1981
During the state monopoly period, private ownership is not allowed
1982 to present
Coexistence of state-owned and private companies
1931
radio france international
at present
French Supreme Council for Audiovisuals (CSA)
The highest governing body of French radio and television
Composed of 9 people, the chairman is appointed by the president
Responsibilities: Manage and supervise the radio and television industry in accordance with the policy of free and diversified audio and video communication
Authority: Formulate various laws and regulations, allocate channels, issue operating licenses to commercial radio and television operators; impose sanctions on violations, appoint and remove leading members of public radio and television institutions, etc.
Germany
1923
Germany's first radio station
Founded in Berlin
For playing music and entertainment
1950
German Federation of Public Broadcasting (German Broadcasting Union)
A joint organization of regional radio stations with the purpose of strengthening cooperation
1953
Deutsche Welle Radio
at present
major commercial television stations
One satellite TV
TV channel 7
radio and television luxembourg
Russia
1992
Moscow Central Radio and Television
Later renamed "Comintern Radio"
1996
Voice of Russia Radio (formerly Moscow Central Broadcasting and Television Station) goes online
at present
major broadcasters
radio ostankino
russian radio station
lighthouse radio station
youth radio station
echo moscow radio
major television organizations
Russian public television
russian television
2*2 TV station
Russian University Television
Cultural TV Station
Japan
1925
The birth of Japanese broadcasting
1926
Radio stations in Nagoya, Osaka and Tokyo were integrated into the Japan Broadcasting Association (NHK)
The first nationwide radio and television station
Headquartered in Tokyo
1934
External broadcast starts
1950
"Three Radio Methods"
radio wave method
Provisions on technical aspects of airwaves and broadcasting
Broadcasting Act
Provisions are made on the nature, status, business scope, operation and management of the Japan Broadcasting Association and private private broadcasting
Radio Regulation Committee Establishment Act
Provides for the establishment of a relatively independent committee to comprehensively guide and manage broadcasting activities
Three bills related to radio management passed by the Japanese Diet based on the opinions of the Allied Forces Headquarters
Establishing the principles of independent management of Japanese broadcasting industry and freedom of broadcasting after the war
Establish a dual-track system with coexistence of public and private sectors
1951
Tokyo Broadcasting Corporation TBS
Japan's largest commercial radio and television company
Belongs to the "Daily News" system
Headquartered in Tokyo, it has permanent reporters in many foreign cities and has formed broadcast networks with local radio and television stations in many countries.
1952
Japanese television broadcaster NTV
Belongs to the "Yomiuri Shimbun" system
Television started broadcasting in 1953
Japan's first private company to start broadcasting television
at present
commercial radio and television company
Tokyo Broadcasting Corporation
Japan Television Broadcasting Corporation
national broadcasting asahi
fuji television co., ltd.
TV Tokyo
The five major radio and television companies in Tokyo belong to
"Daily News" system
"Yomiuri Shimbun" system
"Asahi Shimbun" system
"Sankei Shimbun" system
"Nihon Keizai Shimbun" system
Composed of major commercial radio and television companies and local television stations
News Network
Japan News Network
all nippon news network
Fuji News Television Network
TX television network
television evolution
color tv
satellite broadcast
live satellite tv
cable TV
digital tv
computer tv