1. Maxilla: forms the central part of the face and is connected to almost all facial and skull bones. It can be divided into one body and four processes (supernumeral body, frontal process, palatine process, alveolar process and zygomatic process).

2. Zygomatic bone: On the outside and lower part of the orbit, it forms the bony protrusion of the cheek.

3. Nasal bones: They are paired long strips of small bones, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, forming the basis of the dorsum of the nose.

4. Lacrimal bone: It is a small square bone located in the anterior part of the medial orbital wall. It is connected to the maxilla anteriorly and to the ethmoid labyrinth and orbital plate posteriorly.

5. Palatine bone: L-shaped, located between the palatal process of the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. The vertical plate forms the posterior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and the horizontal plate forms the posterior part of the bony palate.

6. Inferior turbinate: A thin, curly bony fragment attached to the nasal surface of the maxillary body and the vertical plate of the palatine bone.

1. Vomer: A small oblong bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum.

2. Mandible: The largest facial bone, consisting of the mandibular body and the left and right mandibular ramus. The posterior and inferior part of the mandibular ramus is the masseter muscle attachment.

3. Hyoid bone: A horseshoe-shaped bone located behind and below the mandible.

The upper limb girdle is the bridge connecting the upper limbs and the trunk

Clavicle: Observe its "S" shape, the connection between the medial end and the sternal manubrium, the connection between the lateral end and the acromion, as well as the nutrient foramen and attachment points on the body of the clavicle.

Scapula: Observe its triangular flat bone shape, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid, subscapular fossa, scapular spine and other structures. Pay attention to the shape of the upper and lower corners and lateral edges of the scapula.

Free upper limb bones constitute the main moving part of the upper limb

Humerus: Observe the humeral head, anatomical neck, large and small tubercle and surgical neck at the upper end, the radial nerve groove at the middle section, the humeral capitellum, humeral pulley and other structures at the lower end.

Radius: Observe the radial head, radial tuberosity at the upper end, radial styloid process, ulnar notch, etc. at the lower end.

Ulna: Observe the olecranon, trochlear notch, and radial notch at the upper end, and the ulnar styloid process, ulnar head, etc. at the lower end.

The hand bones are an important part of the upper limb

Carpal bones: Observe the scaphoid, lunate, triangular and pisiform bones in the proximal row, and the large and small polygonal bones, capitate and hamate bones in the distal row. Pay attention to the connections between the carpal bones and the shape of the carpal groove.

Metacarpal bones: Observe the five metacarpal bones and pay attention to the shape and arrangement of the metacarpal base, metacarpal body, and metacarpal head.

Phalanges: Observe the 14 phalanges, including the proximal phalanx and distal phalanx of the thumb, as well as the proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and distal phalanx of the other four fingers. Pay attention to the shape of the base of the phalanx, the trochlea of ​​the phalanx and the tuberosity of the distal phalanx.

The hip bone is the key structure connecting the lower limbs to the trunk

Hip bone: Observe the shape of the hip bone, which is formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, pubis, and ischium. Pay attention to the iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, ischial spine, ischial tubercle, and pubic symphysis surface.

The main weight-bearing and moving parts of the lower limbs

Femur: Observe the femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter and other structures at the upper end, and the medial condyle, lateral condyle, etc. at the lower end.

Patella: Observe its shape and connection with the lower end of the femur.

Tibia: Observe the medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity at the upper end, medial malleolus at the lower end, etc.

Fibula: Observe the fibula head at the upper end, the lateral malleolus at the lower end, etc.

terminal structure of lower limbs

Tarsus: Observe the shape and arrangement of the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform bones.

Metatarsal bones: Observe the shape and arrangement of the five metatarsal bones, and pay attention to the shape of the metatarsal base, metatarsal body, and metatarsal head.

Phalanges: Observe the 14 phalanx bones, including the proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, and distal phalanx. Pay attention to the shape of the base of the phalanx, the trochlea of ​​the phalanx, and the tuberosity of the distal phalanx.