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immune cells

This is a mind map about immune cells. The main content includes: adaptive immune cells, antigen-presenting cells and their functions, and innate immune cells. The introduction is detailed and the knowledge is comprehensive. I hope it can be helpful to everyone!

Edited at 2024-11-09 14:45:33

21_ethanSawyer

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immune cells

21_ethanSawyer

Recent works View more works>>

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Outline

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immune cells

adaptive immune cells

T lymphocytes: undergo positive selection and negative selection when entering the thymus (pictured), and then acquire MHC molecule restriction

surface molecules

TCR-CD3 complex

Function: The TCR-CD3 molecule complex is expressed on the surface of all mature T cells. The TCR specifically recognizes the antigen and transmits the signal to the CD3 molecule, which is then transmitted into the cell, causing T cell activation.

TCR

Chinese: T cell antigen receptor

Structure: a heterodimer composed of two peptide chains connected by disulfide bonds. Most T cell TCRs are composed of two peptide chains, α-β.

Function: The V region composed of two peptide chains together forms a conformation complementary to the antigen, and recognizes the antigen peptide on the APC or target cell membrane.

CD3: five peptide chains, all transmembrane proteins

After TCR activation, itam phosphorylation transmits the signal into the cell

Function: transmit signals; stabilize the structure of TCR

CD4, CD8 molecules

helper t cells

CTL

costimulatory molecule

CD28——B7

Provides the second signal for T cell activation, promotes the proliferation of T cells, and the synthesis of IL-2

CD2——CD58

Enhance adhesion and provide costimulatory signals

CD154 (CD40L) - CD40

Provide costimulatory signals for B cell activation

CD278

negative regulatory molecule

CD152

PD-1

T cell subpopulations and their functions

Helper T cells: CD4 T cells

Th1-secreting cytokine helper CTL

Th2-cytokine-secreting helper B cells

Cytotoxic T cells: CD8 T cells

perforin-granzyme pathway

Fas/FasL pathway

TNF/TNFR pathway

Regulatory T cells: important cells that regulate the body's immune response and participate in immune tolerance

B lymphocytes: negative selection then positive selection, autologous BCR and Th2

surface membrane molecules

BCR-CD79a/b

BCR: B cell antigen receptor, membrane immunoglobulin (mIg)

CD79a/CD79b: exists as a heterodimer on the surface of mature B cells

co-stimulatory molecule or co-receptor

CD40 - the second activation signal

CD80/CD86 - can both enhance and inhibit T cell activation

CD19/CD21/CD81/CD225 - helper B cell activation

Negative regulatory receptor—CD22

other regulatory molecules

B lymphocyte subpopulations and functions

B1: Participate in innate immune response

B2: Participate in adaptive immunity

produce antibodies

Present antigen

Secrete cytokine

Antigen presenting cells and their functions

All cells that can process antigens and present antigen information to the surface in the form of P-MHC molecular complexes

professional antigen presenting cells

Dendritic cells: cells with the strongest antigen-presenting ability and the only APC capable of activating initial T cells

APC

immune activation

Inducing autoimmune tolerance

Immunomodulation

Macrophages: have the strongest phagocytic ability

B cells: almost no phagocytic function

innate immune cells

Innate immune cells participate in the innate immune response: a series of natural defense mechanisms evolved by organisms during the long-term evolution process, which is the first line of defense for the host to resist the invasion of pathogenic organisms.

identify

Pathogen-related molecular patterns and damage-related molecular patterns

Recognized by pattern recognition receptors

Membrane PRR

TOLL-like receptor

mannose receptor

scavenger receptor

secreted PRR

Mannose-binding lectin

C-reactive protein

lipopolysaccharide binding protein

effect

phagocytes

Monocytes/macrophages

Phagocytosis and killing of pathogens

Mediates inflammatory response

Processing and presentation of antigens initiates adaptive immunity

Full-time APC

Immunomodulation: secretion of cytokines to activate T cells

neutrophils

Mainly sterilization

natural killer cells

NK cells: differentiated from lymphoid stem cells

Anti-tumor, anti-infection

Immunomodulatory effect