MindMap Gallery Agaricus bisporus cultivation and one-time tunnel fermentation
Detailed introduction to the raw material formula for growing Agaricus bisporus, covering various traditional and innovative formula options, as well as key matters that need to be paid attention to during the primary fermentation process. Through the guidance of this article, readers will be able to understand how to choose planting formulas according to local conditions and raw material conditions, and master the key points of primary fermentation, laying a solid foundation for the high-quality and high yield of Agaricus bisporus.
Edited at 2024-11-04 12:51:40Rumi: 10 dimensiones del despertar espiritual. Cuando dejes de buscarte, encontrarás todo el universo porque lo que estás buscando también te está buscando. Cualquier cosa que haga perseverar todos los días puede abrir una puerta a las profundidades de su espíritu. En silencio, me metí en el reino secreto, y disfruté todo para observar la magia que me rodea y no hice ningún ruido. ¿Por qué te gusta gatear cuando naces con alas? El alma tiene sus propios oídos y puede escuchar cosas que la mente no puede entender. Busque hacia adentro para la respuesta a todo, todo en el universo está en ti. Los amantes no terminan reuniéndose en algún lugar, y no hay separación en este mundo. Una herida es donde la luz entra en tu corazón.
¡La insuficiencia cardíaca crónica no es solo un problema de la velocidad de la frecuencia cardíaca! Es causado por la disminución de la contracción miocárdica y la función diastólica, lo que conduce al gasto cardíaco insuficiente, lo que a su vez causa congestión en la circulación pulmonar y la congestión en la circulación sistémica. Desde causas, inducción a mecanismos de compensación, los procesos fisiopatológicos de insuficiencia cardíaca son complejos y diversos. Al controlar el edema, reducir el frente y la poscarga del corazón, mejorar la función de comodidad cardíaca y prevenir y tratar causas básicas, podemos responder efectivamente a este desafío. Solo al comprender los mecanismos y las manifestaciones clínicas de la insuficiencia cardíaca y el dominio de las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento podemos proteger mejor la salud del corazón.
La lesión por isquemia-reperfusión es un fenómeno que la función celular y los trastornos metabólicos y el daño estructural empeorarán después de que los órganos o tejidos restauren el suministro de sangre. Sus principales mecanismos incluyen una mayor generación de radicales libres, sobrecarga de calcio y el papel de los leucocitos microvasculares y. El corazón y el cerebro son órganos dañados comunes, manifestados como cambios en el metabolismo del miocardio y los cambios ultraestructurales, disminución de la función cardíaca, etc. Las medidas de prevención y control incluyen eliminar los radicales libres, reducir la sobrecarga de calcio, mejorar el metabolismo y controlar las condiciones de reperfusión, como baja sodio, baja temperatura, baja presión, etc. Comprender estos mecanismos puede ayudar a desarrollar opciones de tratamiento efectivas y aliviar las lesiones isquémicas.
Rumi: 10 dimensiones del despertar espiritual. Cuando dejes de buscarte, encontrarás todo el universo porque lo que estás buscando también te está buscando. Cualquier cosa que haga perseverar todos los días puede abrir una puerta a las profundidades de su espíritu. En silencio, me metí en el reino secreto, y disfruté todo para observar la magia que me rodea y no hice ningún ruido. ¿Por qué te gusta gatear cuando naces con alas? El alma tiene sus propios oídos y puede escuchar cosas que la mente no puede entender. Busque hacia adentro para la respuesta a todo, todo en el universo está en ti. Los amantes no terminan reuniéndose en algún lugar, y no hay separación en este mundo. Una herida es donde la luz entra en tu corazón.
¡La insuficiencia cardíaca crónica no es solo un problema de la velocidad de la frecuencia cardíaca! Es causado por la disminución de la contracción miocárdica y la función diastólica, lo que conduce al gasto cardíaco insuficiente, lo que a su vez causa congestión en la circulación pulmonar y la congestión en la circulación sistémica. Desde causas, inducción a mecanismos de compensación, los procesos fisiopatológicos de insuficiencia cardíaca son complejos y diversos. Al controlar el edema, reducir el frente y la poscarga del corazón, mejorar la función de comodidad cardíaca y prevenir y tratar causas básicas, podemos responder efectivamente a este desafío. Solo al comprender los mecanismos y las manifestaciones clínicas de la insuficiencia cardíaca y el dominio de las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento podemos proteger mejor la salud del corazón.
La lesión por isquemia-reperfusión es un fenómeno que la función celular y los trastornos metabólicos y el daño estructural empeorarán después de que los órganos o tejidos restauren el suministro de sangre. Sus principales mecanismos incluyen una mayor generación de radicales libres, sobrecarga de calcio y el papel de los leucocitos microvasculares y. El corazón y el cerebro son órganos dañados comunes, manifestados como cambios en el metabolismo del miocardio y los cambios ultraestructurales, disminución de la función cardíaca, etc. Las medidas de prevención y control incluyen eliminar los radicales libres, reducir la sobrecarga de calcio, mejorar el metabolismo y controlar las condiciones de reperfusión, como baja sodio, baja temperatura, baja presión, etc. Comprender estos mecanismos puede ayudar a desarrollar opciones de tratamiento efectivas y aliviar las lesiones isquémicas.
One tunnel fermentation
mushroom
heterotrophic crops
Compost making diagram
Planting cycle diagram
One-time fermentation material
raw material
water
Mushrooms are 92%-93 water (1L/Kg)
Nutrient transmission medium (1L/Kg)
1Kg of mushrooms requires 2L of water
mushroom water medium water
Filtering wastewater also provides bacterial life (microorganisms)
Nutrient water requires oxygen and runs 24 hours a day
Insufficient oxygen, reduced microorganisms
It is best to filter organic matter in the nutrient pool and clean the sediment at the bottom in time.
Reference nitrogen content of nutrient water (CNC Dutch manufacturing company): 1.25-1.7% (Zhongxing 200mg/L)
pH value of nutrient water
An Italian company has little impact on the output of mushrooms with a pH value of 7.3-7.5. After 2 months, the rain drops the pH value.
The ammonium sulfate in the pickling tower should not be placed directly in the nutrient pool. It can be added to the primary feed.
If there is no rain, use groundwater. The above two situations can increase the pH value.
Gas masks are required for maintenance and repair of nutrient pools in closed places
Determine the quality of nutritional water
To the nose, the anaerobic smell is unpleasant and the aerobic smell is small (good smell). In practice, there is a difference between the smell of the sedimentation tank and the smell of the application pool.
PH value, EC value, nitrogen content, oxygen content (10ms/m is better, more than 15ms/m is not good)
straw
Factors affecting quality
Moisture content of straw (5%-17%). The moisture content is low and the waxy layer is thick. The moisture content of Iranian straw is low, which affects prewetting and storage time. If the moisture content is low, it will be stored for a long time. You can try straw with high moisture content first.
The more solid the baler is, the shorter the straw will be. The straw in round bales is longer than the square bales, and the quality of round bales is better.
The longer the storage time, the shorter the pre-wetting time and the need to adjust. The drier straw is easier to store.
Straw type
Rice, barley, rye, corn, etc., depending on the mixing amount, up to 10% (there are domestic cases of mixing 50% rice)
horse manure grass
Needs fresh, less than two weeks old
45%-70 water, 0.9-1.2% nitrogen
Disadvantages: The straw inside may be long or short, and the consistency is not good.
carbon source
The water holding capacity of grass is very important, and it is very important that it is not anaerobic.
Good structure and good breathability
Difficult to break down carbohydrates
Nitrogen source
Chicken manure is a commonly used N source, containing 15%-73% water and 2.5%-5.5% nitrogen.
Other nitrogen sources include: urea 46%, ammonium sulfate 21%, sugarcane bagasse, sunflower seeds, etc.
A maximum of 700~800KG of chicken manure should be used per ton of grass. If the nitrogen content is not enough, other nitrogen sources can be added (theoretical support for the bad theory of laying hen manure?) Too much chicken manure has an impact on breathability.
plaster
Calcium sulfate dihydrate, better texture (neutralizes stickiness), keeps chicken manure from clumping and allows oxygen to enter more easily
Substitute citric acid residue can be used
Lower (neutralize) pH during fermentation
Moisture 5-40%
mix
microorganism
Microorganisms at 45-55℃ can destroy the wax layer. What we need are thermophilic bacteria.
50-60℃ is the temperature where thermophilic fungi are most abundant
Microorganisms die at 80-85℃
When the temperature reaches 55℃, ventilation should be increased to facilitate temperature control.
Anaerobic/aerobic microorganisms
Anaerobic microorganisms bad smell
Aerobic microorganisms, beneficial bacteria, small odor, good smell, slightly sweet
Pre-wet
Prewetting can open the wax layer and allow the straw to absorb water. It takes 1-9 days depending on the quality of the straw. The water content is small and the prewetting time is long.
Yuguan adopts traffic light timing pre-wet time
The temperature of the pre-wetted material is 50-60°C, with dark color, soft structure and slightly sweet smell. If the temperature reaches 80°C, the microorganisms will disappear.
Free water (water on the surface of the material, the water pushed out by hand flows down quickly, the water quality is relatively clear, and the surface of the material is reflective)
Combined water (the water absorbed by the material, the water that is pushed out by hand flows slowly down, the sound of water absorption can be heard when the material is pushed out, and the water quality is relatively turbid)
There is no requirement for the length direction of the pre-wet pile, but the width and height are preferably 3 meters * 3 meters in an arc shape.
The pile can be built on a ventilated floor with a width of 20 to 30 meters and a height of 5 meters.
The ventilation floor not only provides oxygen to the compost, but also prevents anaerobic accumulation of water at the bottom.
The pH value of the initial formula is high, which will affect the later stage
The pH value decreases throughout the fermentation process
The pH value dropped by about 1 point from the first to the second time, entering 7.5 the second time and exiting about 6.5.
0.5 points
Anaerobic pH is difficult to lower
mix
Mixture
The goal is to have chicken manure in every part of each hay
Rollers are very important
Wheat straw and chicken manure should be evenly mixed before roller mixing
Chicken manure and gypsum must be pre-mixed, as the mixture may become uneven later.
Do not go through the roller when transferring warehouses, especially for the third time.
Add water and fall into the drum. It is very important that the water flow is stable. It should not be too much so that the chicken manure will be washed away. It should be easy for water to accumulate at the bottom of the tunnel anaerobically.
CNC has a mixing line that is only used after mixing. It only takes 5 days for one fermentation, and there is no transfer (question, is the stable grass used?)
Traditional stacking system
A 2m*2m rectangular parallelepiped has a high central temperature, creating a smoke rush effect.
Turn the pile when the temperature drops. The purpose of turning the pile is to make the temperature uniform. There is a pile turner factory in Iran that imitated the equipment, but after testing the center temperature of the stack after turning, the result is that the center temperature is still very high, which means that the equipment is not good.
Compost making
a tunnel
Fermentation tank BUNKER
indoor
outdoor
Indoor fermentation, tunnel system TUNNEL (with gate, no cold zone), government environmental protection requirements
indoor fermentation
No anaerobic compost (no bad smell)
Caramelization reaction (turns black)
The process is mixed (transfer) every 3-5 days, a total of 5-9 days
Without a cold zone, the temperature will soon reach 80°C and the microorganisms will die. Mix 1-2% of the secondary material to inoculate the microorganisms.
Primary tunnel ventilation 10~15m³/h/ton
Cold zone: If it is an open tunnel, the cold zone is at the door and the surface of the material. If the tunnel is closed, there will be no cold zone.
open floor system
The size of the pipe corresponds to the area of the gas nozzle
The bottom of the tunnel must be strengthened to avoid settlement, which may lead to anaerobic accumulation of water in the middle of the pipe. The pipe must be cleaned regularly to avoid reduction in ventilation due to blockage by foreign matter.
The oxygen detection system in a primary tunnel is not easy to use. You can use temperature to measure oxygen.
Feeding method
tunnel filler
Low price, can add water
Top filling machine
The distribution method and the discharge method of the loader just form a grid shape, so the materials can be mixed more evenly
The water in different parts can be controlled (less water is added to the bottom) to avoid excessive water at the bottom due to the sinking of free water at the top, resulting in anaerobic conditions.
Primary tunnel fan ventilation program control
If the feed temperature in the early stage is lower than 30℃, the fan should be turned on less
15 minutes on/15 minutes off to heat up to 65℃
8 minutes on/22 minutes off to heat up to 75°C
4 minutes on/26 minutes off to heat up to 80℃
Why does ventilation take less time when the temperature is higher? Because the higher the temperature, there are fewer microorganisms
Feed weight: The more feed, the higher the pressure, preferably 1.6~2.2 tons/㎡. The feed height depends on the raw material structure and density (about 5 meters)
data
temperature
The fermentation tunnel has 4 temperature probes, but the temperature of each part cannot be effectively obtained. However, the temperature of each part can be used for empirical judgment. If the temperature is not easy to measure, the temperature of each part can be detected during discharging. Note: Measurement For the temperature 1 meter inside the material, do not measure the temperature on the loader, otherwise you will be measuring the top of the material as it collapses and falls, causing your data to be incorrect.
Measure the temperature of the material 30cm above the ground (this part is easily anaerobic)
The carbon-nitrogen ratio is used to detect the rawness and ripeness of materials. A high carbon-nitrogen ratio is raw material, and a low carbon-nitrogen ratio is clinker. However, it is also affected by the ash content.
The pH value must be on a downward trend from the first to the third fermentation process.
Moisture content: CNC tertiary material 67~68%
Inorganic matter (ash content)
form selectivity