MindMap Gallery antibiotic
This is a mind map about antibiotics, with the main contents including: classification, antibacterial properties that need to be mastered. Antibiotics refer to a type of chemical substance produced by certain microorganisms during their life, or artificially synthesized or semi-synthetic, which can inhibit or kill certain other microorganisms or inhibit cell reproduction.
Edited at 2025-03-02 13:23:01Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
antibiotic
Antibacterial properties that need to be mastered
Pharmacology
Antibacterial spectrum, antibacterial activity, combined antibacterial effect, post-antibiotic effect, mechanism of action, bactericidal and inhibitory effect
Pharmacology
Absorption, distribution, excretion pathways
PK/PD features
Clinical application
Indications
Points of attention for the use of various part infections and bacterial infections
Adverse reactions
Common adverse reactions
Pay attention to points, special pathology, and application of physiological populations
Classification
Beta-lactams prevent cell wall synthesis
Penicillin
Narrow spectrum penicillin (G >>G-)
Penicillin G
Penicillin A (amoxicillin, ampicillin)
Penicillin A acid resistant agent, can be taken orally
Penicillin M (methicillin, oxacillin)
Long-acting penicillin G (syphilis)
Broad spectrum penicillin (covering antipseudomonas)
Carbonoxypenicillin (Ticacillin)
Ureapenicillin (piperacillin)
Broad spectrum penicillin enzyme inhibitor (covering anaerobic bacteria)
Pharmacokinetics: renal excretion (piperacillin) 65% liver metabolism (tazobactam) 35% monitoring of serum sodium and potassium
Contraindications for compatibility: It cannot be prepared with SB, glucocorticoids, aminoglycosides, norepinephrine, and blood products.
Cephalosporins
Generation 1: Zolin (G) Multi-purpose surgical incision prevention
Second generation (G, G-): Furoxime, Clo, and propylene can be used for non-lower respiratory infections, such as upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, etc.
Third generation: tiaxime (either renal metabolism), quaxone (long half-life, kidney and liver metabolism), tadine, piperon (hepatic metabolism)
Three generations of features
Metabolic distribution: kidney (tiaxime, tadine), liver (piperone), renal and liver dual channels (trisone), long-acting (trisone), short-acting (tiaxime, tadine, piperon)
Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Trisone, Tiaxime <tadine, Piperone
Anti-stalptococci: Trisone = tiaxime > Piperone > Tadine
Anti-ESBL: Tadine>>> Qusone and tiaxime, but they cannot be used! (ESBL positive, no third-generation cephalosporin can be used), urinary tract infection can be used occasionally
Third generation enzyme inhibition:
Use cefoperidone sodium sulbactam sodium (suphen cefoperidone 1g sulbactam 0.5g) mainly through bile excretion, with low cerebrospinal fluid concentration, which can be effective for bacterial intestinal infections of ESBL mild 1-2g Q12 Severe infection 2-3g Q8h Note: When renal insufficiency is simply replenished or liver insufficiency is used, the dose can be used (4g/d) for hemofiltration. This dose is given once after each dialysis. If renal insufficiency or liver insufficiency is combined, the dose should be reduced.
Fourth generation: Pime, Piro
Five generations: Lorraine, MRSA
G, G-, MRSA, VISA, VRSA are all in one place
Cephamycin
≈Second generation cephalosporin anti-anaerobic bacteria
Representative: Cefxitin, Advantages: Right
Carbonpenems: spectrum G, G-, anaerobic, ESBL; does not cover MRSA, Enterococcus, Maltmonas, Holder, Clostridium difficile
Imipenem/cestatin
Central nervous system infection is not recommended, it is prone to epilepsy, maximum daily amount of 4g, short-acting, 3-4 times/d, G infection: imipenem ≥ merol, G-infection: mero≥ imamine
Meropenan
Recommended for central nervous system infection: 6g of maximum force per day, short-acting, 3-4 times/d,
Ethapenan
Patina and Baumann are poor in effect, long-term effect, 1 time/d
Doripennan
Single ring
Enzyme inhibitors
Aminoglycosides hinder bacterial protein synthesis
Representative drugs: amikacin G-, netimicin, gentamicin G, tobramycin
Pharmaceutical agent: oral non-absorbing, kidney excretion, rapid bactericide, concentration-dependent antibiotics
Note: Renal insufficiency combined with creatinine clearance, neuromuscular block and respiratory depression can be used. Neostigmine or calcium chloride can be used to fight it. It should be given enough water, which is recommended once a day for hearing damage.
Macrolides
Anti-arveniculture: Ciprofloxacin>levofloxofluoro>moxid
Anti-Mycobacterium: Moxi>levooxy>cycloprop
Anti-State pneumoniae: Moxi>Levooxy>Cycloprop
Drug resistance: one drug resistance, all drug resistance
Kidney: levoxy, cycloprop
Liver and kidney dual channels: Moxi
Renal insufficiency, mental symptoms
Fluoroquinolones
Tetracycline
Banned under 8 years old, minocycline, doxycycline, tigecycline 100mg first dose, 50mg q12h
Fosfomycin
Half-life 2h, penetrating cerebrospinal fluid and kidney clearance rate 100%, not used alone
Glycopeptides/cyclolipid peptides
Representative drugs: vancomycin, teicolanin, Olivanxing, Teravanxing, Dabavanxing
For: G, MRSA, VISA, VRSA (Oliwanxing, Terawanxing), Enterococcus, Clostridium difficile, slow bactericide, molecular weight, oral non-absorbent, generally 1g q12h, 30mg/kg/d, input in 2-4 times, half-life 3-12h, 90% excretion of the kidney, beware of ototoxicity
Oxazolidinones
Linezolid (oral/venous) cerebrospinal fluid penetration, admitted to 600mg Q12h, MRSA hospital-acquired pneumonia, skin soft tissue infection
Imidazoles
Polycolloids
Sub-theme 1
Sulfonamides
Fusidic acid