Antibiotics are stimulating metabolites or synthetic analogs of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, Actinomycetes), which can inhibit or kill various pathogenic microorganisms in small doses.

According to chemical structure

The antibacterial action mechanism is divided into

Mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to drugs

Beta-lactam antibiotics are a class of antibiotics with a 4-membered beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure.

Penicillins and semi-synthetic penicillins

Cephalosporins

Atypical β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors

A type of weakly alkaline antibiotic produced by tearing mold. It is named after the endoplasmic structure containing a 14- or 16-membered ring in the molecule. It is formed through the condensation of the hydroxyl group on the internal aliphatic ring and deoxyaminosugar or 6-deoxysugar. Basic glycosides.

Since erythromycin has low water solubility, it can only be taken orally, but it is easily destroyed, decomposed and inactivated by gastric acid, resulting in poor bioavailability.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are composed of an amino sugar molecule (monosaccharide or polysaccharide) and a non-sugar part of the aglycone (aminocyclohexanol). They mainly include natural aminoglycoside antibiotics (mainly produced by Streptomyces and Micromonospora produce).

The antibacterial mechanism of this class of drugs is to hinder multiple links of bacterial protein synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis or cause protein synthesis disorders, and can increase the permeability of bacterial cell membranes, causing the bacteria to leak out of the traditional Chinese medicine and die. It is forbidden to take sterilization. agent.

The most common adverse reactions of aminoglycoside antibiotics are nephrotoxicity, virulent allergic reactions, and neuromuscular blockade.

drug

Tetracycline antibiotics all have the basic combination of hydrogenated tetracene in their chemical structure and are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics produced by actinomycetes.

The structure of tetracycline drugs contains acidic phenolic hydroxyl and enol hydroxyl groups and basic dimethylamino group. Therefore, these drugs are acid-base amphoteric compounds, and their hydrochloride salts are generally used clinically.

Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics. By inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, they have inhibitory effects on most G and G-, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes, and some anaerobic bacteria. Pasta parasite also has an indirect inhibitory effect.

adverse reactions

Chloramphenicol

Lincomycin

Fosfomycin