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MindMap Gallery 【01】Child-keeping knowledge and ability Preschool children's development (Part 1)
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【01】Child-keeping knowledge and ability Preschool children's development (Part 1)
This is a mind map about [01] Educational protection knowledge and ability Preschool children's development (Part 1), the main contents include: Chapter 7 Personal development of preschool children, Chapter 6 Social development of preschool children, Chapter 5 Emotional and emotional development of preschool children, Chapter 4 Development of cognition of preschool children, Chapter 3 Basic laws and characteristics of early childhood physiological development, Chapter 2 Psychological development of preschool children, Chapter 1 Principles and methods of research on preschool children's psychology.
Edited at 2025-02-18 19:51:41
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【01】Child-keeping knowledge and ability Preschool children's development (Part 1)
- Reproductive system
This template shows the structure and function of the reproductive system in the form of a mind map. It introduces the various components of the internal and external genitals, and sorts out the knowledge clearly to help you become familiar with the key points of knowledge.
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This is a mind map about the interpretation and summary of the relationship field e-book, Main content: Overview of the essence interpretation and overview of the relationship field e-book. "Relationship field" refers to the complex interpersonal network in which an individual influences others through specific behaviors and attitudes.
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This is a mind map about accounting books and accounting records. The main contents include: the focus of this chapter, reflecting the business results process of the enterprise, the loan and credit accounting method, and the original book of the person.
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【01】Child-keeping knowledge and ability Preschool children's development (Part 1)
Chapter 1 Research principles and methods of preschool children's psychology
Basic principles for studying preschool children's psychology
The principle of objectivity
Emphasize seeking truth from facts
Developmental principles
Non-static, looking at children with a developmental perspective
Educational principles
Make children better development
Principles of ethics
Respect children and protect privacy
Specific methods for studying preschool children's psychology
Observation method
Purposeful and planned
The most basic method of studying preschool children's psychology
Experimental method
Classification
Laboratory experiment method
Natural Experimental Method
Quiz
According to the test items and scale
Talk
Talk to young children
Investigation method
Survey from teachers and parents of early childhood (adults familiar with young children)
Questionnaire Method
Fill in for adults who are familiar with their children
Work analysis method
Children's drawings, handicrafts, compositions, diaries, notes, homework
Chapter 2 Psychological Development of Preschool Children
Overview of infant development
The process of infant development
Infancy
0-1 year old
Early childhood (early childhood)
1-3 years old
Preschool
3-6, 7 years old
Early preschool
Pre-school mid-term
Preschool late stage
Factors influencing infant development
Biological factors
Genetic qualities
Physiological maturity
Social factors
environment
Home environment
educate
Children's active activities
Prompt
Genetics is the premise
Physiological constraints on you
The environment is very realistic
Education dominates
Preschool children's development theory
Mature forces say
Gercel
"Twins climb stairs experiment"
The psychological development of preschool children depends on the individual's physiological maturity
Behaviorism
Watson
Theoretical "classical behaviorism"
Albert Jr. Experiment
Content “The acquisition of learning is the connection between stimulation-response”
Skinner
Theory "operational behaviorism"
strengthen
Positive strengthening
Go to Hawaii for the first place in the exam
Negative strengthening
No need to do housework when you get first in the exam
punish
Disappear
Bandura
Theory "Social Learning Theory"
Bobo doll experiment
Observation and learning process
Notice
Keep
Action reappears
Motivational effect
Types of reinforcement
Direct reinforcement
Indirect reinforcement
Self-reinforcement
Psychoanalysis theory
Freud's psychoanalytical theory
Personality structure theory
I
The principle of happiness
self
The principle of reality
Super ego
Moral principles
Theory of sexual desire stage
Lip period (0-1.5 years old)
Anal period (1.5-3 years old)
Sexual period (3-6 years old)
Erikson's theory of personality development
Trust vs. Distrust
Infancy (0-1.5 years old)
A sense of autonomy to shame
Early childhood (1.5-3 years old)
Active to feel guilty
Preschool (3-6 years old)
Believe it or not, be ashamed of being self-reliant, take the initiative to be guilty
Cognitive development theory
Development structure
Schematic
Unique cognitive structure
assimilation
Don't change
Comply
Change
balance
Four stages
Perceived motor stage (0-2 years old)
Adapt to external environments by only perception and action
Obtained object eternity (9-12 months)
Permanent object experiment
Pre-operation stage (2-7 years old)
Animation
Self-centered
Sanshan Experiment
It does not mean that children are selfish
Irreversible thinking
Can't understand when a>b, then b<a
Unconserved thinking
Measuring cup experiment
Stereotyping, centralized
Specific operation stage (7-11 years old)
Formal operation stage (11-15 years old)
iQiyi dares to sign a superstar
2, 7, 11, feeling, front, shape
Four stages of moral development
Former morality - external discipline - self-discipline - fairness
Society-Cultural History Theory
Vygoski
Proximal Development Zone
Connotation
The gap between the existing level and the upcoming level
Educational Inspiration
Teaching should be ahead of development
Psychological Theory
The ability of an individual to understand the psychological state of himself and others, thereby making causal explanations and predictions for corresponding behaviors
The main sign of obtaining a psychological theory is understanding "false beliefs"
The development trends and age characteristics of preschool children
Important concepts of psychological development of preschool children
Proximal Development Zone
Vygoski
The difference between the current level of a child and the upcoming level is the zone of proximal development
Critical period
Laurenz (imprinting phenomenon)
It is easiest to learn a certain skill at a certain period
It is difficult to make up for if you miss it
Sensitive period (optimal period)
Montessori
The period when children's psychology develops the fastest
Once missed, slowly develop
A turning point or crisis period
Turning period
Rapid changes between the two stages, a common phenomenon (necessarily occur)
Period of crisis
Antisocial behavior occurs during the turning point, and individual phenomena (adults lack correct guidance)
Basic trends in psychological development of preschool children
Overall age characteristics of preschool children's psychological development
Total age characteristics (dialectical unity)
stability
Variability
Specific age characteristics of preschool children's psychological development
Specific age characteristics
Infancy (0-1 year old)
Hand-eye coordination (4-5 months)
Can reach out and grab something
Begin to recognize children (5-6 months)
Early schooling (1-3 years old)
Words and thinking (2 years old) begin to form
Independence (2 years old)
"Do it yourself" "I"
Early childhood (3-6 years old)
Early preschool
Love imitation
Great emotional effect
Preliminary life self-care
Thinking Intuition Action
Love is vivid
Pre-school mid-term
Lively and active
Concrete image of thinking
Start accepting tasks
Organize games
Lively like a show
Preschool late stage
Be good at learning and asking
Abstract thinking ability begins to sprout
Begin to master cognitive methods
Personality begins to take shape
Better to recognize
Chapter 3 Basic laws and characteristics of young children's physiological development
Growth and development of preschool children
The most commonly used and important morphological indicators
Height and weight
Pulse rate of children aged 3-6
Before exercise
90-110 times/min
During exercise
130-150 times/min
After exercise
150-180 times/min
Characteristics of young children's physiological development
Folding and continuous
Green branch fracture
The younger the age, the faster the heart rate and the faster the breathing
Growth hormone
many
Giant disease
few
Dwarfism
Iodine deficiency
Certin disease, also called schizophrenia
Development of children's movements
Chapter 4: The Development of Cognitiveness of Preschool Children
Attention to development
Classification
Unintentional attention (not paying attention at will)
No willful effort required
No scheduled purpose
Pay attention intentionally (note at will)
Need willful efforts
Have a predetermined purpose
Pay attention after intentionality (note after randomness)
No willful effort required
Have a predetermined purpose
quality
Range of attention (breadth)
Number of objects
Pay attention to stability
Duration
3-4 years old
3-5 minutes
4-5 years old
10 minutes
5-6 years old
About 20 minutes
Pay attention to the assignment
At the same time, several different
The shift of attention
New tasks, initiative
Pay attention to the reasons for dispersion
Non-stimulus interference
Lack of strict schedules, physical and mental fatigue’
Lack of interest
The purpose of the event is unclear
Teaching activities are unreasonable
Nothing is missing
The development of sensation and perception
Perception Overview
concept
Feel
Individual attributes
perception
Overall attributes
law
Feeling regularity
Feeling adaptation
Adapt to adapt
Darkness - light
Dark adaptation
Light-dark
Feeling comparison
Compare simultaneously
Continuous time comparison
Synesthesia effect
One feeling causes another
Feel after effect
After the stimulation stops, the feeling remains for a short period of time
Perception rules
Perceptual selectivity
Perception comprehension
Perception integrity
Perception Constancy
The development of feelings
The development of hearing
Children love to listen to mother's voice, soft voice, and high-toned voice
Two most
Most developed at birth
Taste
The most immature
Vision
Perception development
Spatial Perception
Shape perception
Round half long three or five ladder
Perception of size
4 years old
Can tell the size of the graphics in words
Direction perception
3 up and down, 4 front and back, 5 around, 7 he
Distance perception
"Sight Cliff" experiment (6 months)
Deep Perception
Time perception
In the middle, from near to far
The development of memory
Overview
The reflection of the human brain on past experience
The memory link
Remember
Keep
recover
Recognize again
Reappearing again
remember
Can recall when it does not appear
Types of memory
Memorize content
Exercise memory
Emotional memory
Image memory
Word memory
Keep time by memory
Instant memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Memory strategy
Feature Positioning Strategy
Labeling
Retelling strategy
Repeat continuously
Organizing strategies
Classification
Extraction strategy
The core is the use of clues
law
Forgotten
Ebbinghaus Forgotten Curve
Faster first then slow
Memory ability development
Inspire interest and initiative
Enrich life experience
Cultivate intentional memory
Teach memory strategies
Imaginary development
Imagination concepts and types
concept
The psychological process of the human brain processing and transforming stored appearances to form a new image
type
Depending on whether there is a purpose or not, whether it requires willpower
No imagination
Have an idea
Create imagination
Recreate imagination
Empirical imagination
Situational imagination
Wishful imagination
Anthropomorphic imagination
Characteristics of Imagination Development
Mainly based on unintentional imagination, and intentional imagination begins to develop
Focus on recreating imagination, creating imagination begins to develop
Exaggerated imagination of young children
Exaggerate a part or characteristic of something
Confusing imaginary and reality
Cultivation of imagination
Enrich the appearance of young children and develop the language expression of young children
Creating conditions for children's imagination in various activities such as literature and art
In the game, encourage and guide young children to imagine boldly
Perform appropriate training during activities to improve children's imagination
Three activities and one appearance
The development of thinking
Overview of thinking
Thinking is the indirect and generalized reflection of objective things by the human brain
Around 2 years old, children's thinking really happens
The initial word summary is a sign of the occurrence of children's thinking
trend
Changes in thinking style
Intuitive action
Specific image
Abstract logic
Changes in thinking tools
Perception, action
Appearance
Words
Internalization of thinking activities
Changes in thinking content
Features
Early childhood: Intuition and action thinking
Mid-term children: focus on specific image thinking
Specificity
Imagery
Derivative Features
Experience
Anthropomorphism
Surface
One-sided
Fixability
Myopia
Late stage of early childhood: abstract logic begins to sprout
The development of speech
Overview of speech
Classification
External speech
Oral speech
Written speech
Speak to yourself
Transitional Words
Game speech
Question speech
Internal speech
Implicit, silent
The stage of development
Preface speech stage (0-1 year old)
Simple pronunciation stage (0-3 months)
Voice appears (0-2 months)
"Ah Gu" sound appears (3-4 months)
Continuous syllable phase (4-8 months)
Muttering (4-8 months)
The budding stage of learning language (9-12 months)
Imitation of adult pronunciation
Speech stage (1-3 years old)
Incomplete sentence
Word and sentence stage (1-1.5 years old)
One word, one word
Two-word sentence stage (telephone sentence) (1.5-2 years old)
Complete sentence
Basically master the oral stage
3-6, 7 years old
The development of speech
language
vocabulary
Master the order
Named
Frequency of use
Agenda name
grammar
Oral expression
Stutter
It starts to happen at the age of 2-3
Common periods for 3-4 years
Important ways to correct stuttering
Relieve tension
Chapter 5: Emotional Development of Preschool Children
Basic emotional expression of young children
cry
laugh
Spontaneous laughter
Endogenous laughter
Physiological manifestations
Inducing smile
Caused by outside
A silent laugh and a silent laugh
Only 3-4 months old babies will laugh out loud
No difference and different laughter
The appearance of different smiles is a sign of the initial social smile.
fear
General characteristics of emotions
From the process of
Instability
Easy to be impulsive
Exposed sex
Vulnerability to infectiousness
Cultivating good emotions
Create a good emotional environment
Emotional control in adults
Adopt a positive educational attitude
Help children control their emotions
method
Transfer method
Cooling method
Elimination method
Teach young children to regulate their emotional performance
Reflection method
Self-persuasion
Imagination
The two-control environment is very tutorial
Chapter 6 Social Development of Preschool Children
Development of parent-child relationships in preschool children
Types of infant attachment
Avoidance
Mother's departure has little impact
Mother comes back for a brief contact...stay away
It doesn't matter
Safe type
The best attachment types
Mother left anxious and uneasy
Mother is happy to come back and seek contact
Emotions can be controlled
Resistance type
Mother left and resisted extremely
Mother comes back to seek contact and attack
contradiction
The cultivation of good attachment
Pay attention to mother-son contact during the "maternal sensitivity period" stage
Try to avoid long-term separation between parents and children
Keep regular physical contact between parents and children
Parents should respond promptly to signals from their children
Remote separation and reaction between two contacts
Development of peer relationships in preschool children
Types of peer dating
Popular (positive)
Like to date
Friendly behavior
Male-female ratio Female>Male
Rejected type (negative)
Like to date
Attack behavior
Male-female ratio Male>Female
Neglected
Don't like dating
Be alone
General type
Common dates
General behavior
Contradictory
Sometimes good and sometimes bad
Unstable
Factors influencing peer relationships
Family factors
Early parent-child interaction experience
Family tutoring and early attachment relationship
Childcare institution factors
The influence of teachers
Moving materials and properties
Children's own factors
Appearance
Behavioral characteristics
Strategies for building good peer relationships
Teach children's games to increase children's participation
Teach children to cooperate to enhance children's self-confidence
Teach children to accept harmonious children's peer relationships
Teach children to express and cultivate positive emotions in children
Watching and acting
Development of gender role behavior in preschool children
Gender Constancy
Development of social behavior in preschool children
Prosocial behavior
meaning
Behaviors and tendencies of individuals to help or intend to help others
Including sharing, cooperation, humility, assistance, etc.
Status: The history of the development of prosocial behaviors in the core issues of children's moral development
Development of empathy
Transcendence refers to considering problems from the perspective of others
Transcendence is the basis for prosocial behavior
effect
Transcendence can help young children get rid of their egocentricity and produce altruistic thoughts, thus forming prosocial behaviors.
Empathy arouses emotional resonance among children, creating compassion and shame
Factors that affect children's prosocial behavior
Social living environment
Social culture
TV media
Daily living environment for young children
family
companion
Empathy
Aggressive behavior
Features
Frequent aggressive behavior
Body aggressive attacks are greater than verbal attacks
Transformation of instrumental attacks to hostile attacks
There are obvious gender differences
Multi-body craftsmanship
Factors
frustration
Direct causes of aggressive behavior
strengthen
example
Parental punishment
For young children, parents or teachers’ injustice is one of the main causes of setbacks
Strategies to curb children's aggressive behavior
Try to meet the reasonable psychological needs of children and reduce frustration
Work hard to provide various forms and ways to vent inner stress
Reduce imitation and reinforcement of aggressive behavior
Classification
Performance Purpose
Tool-based attacks
Hostile Attack
Expression form
Body action attack (physiological attack)
Verbal Attack
Chapter 7 Personality Development of Preschool Children
An overview of personality
Personalized structure
Personality tendency
Needs, motivations, interests
Self-awareness system
Self-knowledge, self-experience, self-control
Personality Psychological Characteristics
Temperament, ability, character
Development of self-awareness
It is the individual's view and attitude towards what he or she does
Main characteristics and trends of children's self-evaluation development
From evaluation of compliance to independent evaluation
From evaluation of individual aspects to evaluation of multiple aspects
Transition from evaluation of external behavior to evaluation of inner qualities
From subjective emotional evaluation to preliminary objective evaluation
From evaluation only without basis to evaluation with evidence
An extremely beautiful pig
Main characteristics and trends of children's self-control development
Delayed gratification experiment
From being controlled mainly by others to being controlled by oneself
From self-control to using control strategies
The development of children's self-control is influenced by parental control characteristics
Development of personality tendencies
Needs are a reflection of the human brain's requirements for physiology and society
The younger the age, the more dominant the physiological needs
Development of personality psychological characteristics
Development of preschool children's temperament
The concept of temperament
Relatively stable, biologically genetically determined
Temperament type
Biliary quality
Advantages: Passionate and straightforward
Disadvantages: Impulsive and irritable
Representatives: Zhang Fei and Li Kui
Polyhema
Advantages: lively and social
Disadvantages: Poor tolerance
Representative: Sun Wukong
Mucus
Advantages: steady and down-to-earth
Disadvantages: rigid
Representative: Einstein
Depressive
Advantages: Strong observation
Disadvantages: sensitive, suspicious
Representative: Lin Daiyu
The development of preschool children's personality
Character is the core of personality
Age characteristics of children's personality
Lively and active
Like to date
Curious and ask
Strong imitation
Very impulsive
Individual differences among young children
type
Intellectual Differences
Differences in intellectual development levels
The intelligence level accounts for the majority
Intellectual Type Difference
Multiple Intelligence Theory (Gardner)
Speech intelligence
Logic-Mathematical Intelligence
Space intelligence
Musical intelligence
Sports intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Self-knowing intelligence
Natural intelligence
Character differences
Gender differences
Learning Type Differences
Field dependency type
Judgment of objective things is easily influenced by the outside world
Field independent type
Independent judgment
Impulsive
Fast speed and many errors
Contemplative
Be cautious and think less mistakes
Related concepts of psychological development
Critical period
Missing is hard to make up
Sensitive period (optimal period)
The development is slower after missing
Turning period
It will inevitably appear
Period of crisis
It doesn't necessarily appear
The main methods for studying preschool children's psychology