MindMap Gallery Powder (Powders in Pharmaceutics)
This mind map, created using EdrawMind, provides a comprehensive overview of powders in the pharmaceutical field. It covers various aspects such as preparation methods, small-scale sizing equipment, properties to consider, medicated powders, reasons for use, classification, particle size influence, special problems, and powder papers. Each section is broken down into detailed subtopics, offering insights into techniques like trituration and levigation, equipment such as sieves and mills, and considerations like flow properties and compressibility. This map is a valuable resource for pharmacy students and professionals.
Edited at 2025-11-08 02:28:16This mind map provides a detailed overview of the pharmacotherapy for heart failure, focusing on drug categories, their mechanisms of action, and specific treatment strategies. It includes information on drugs used to manage heart failure symptoms and improve patient outcomes, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and newer pharmacological agents. The map also outlines treatment goals, non-pharmacological interventions, and considerations for different stages of heart failure, offering a comprehensive guide for healthcare professionals.
This mind map, created using EdrawMind, provides a detailed overview of anti-arrhythmic drugs. It categorizes the drugs into different classes based on their mechanisms of action, such as sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, potassium channel blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Each category includes specific drugs, their mechanisms, clinical uses, and potential side effects. The mind map also features an overview section with an ECG waveform illustration, highlighting the effects of these drugs on heart rhythms, and an information section discussing general principles of arrhythmia treatment.
This mind map, created using EdrawMind, outlines the pharmacotherapy options for angina pectoris. It covers various classes of drugs used in treatment, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and important considerations. The map is divided into sections such as "Angina," "Drugs," "Organic Nitrates," and "Management," providing a structured overview of how different medications alleviate symptoms and improve patient outcomes in angina pectoris.
This mind map provides a detailed overview of the pharmacotherapy for heart failure, focusing on drug categories, their mechanisms of action, and specific treatment strategies. It includes information on drugs used to manage heart failure symptoms and improve patient outcomes, such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and newer pharmacological agents. The map also outlines treatment goals, non-pharmacological interventions, and considerations for different stages of heart failure, offering a comprehensive guide for healthcare professionals.
This mind map, created using EdrawMind, provides a detailed overview of anti-arrhythmic drugs. It categorizes the drugs into different classes based on their mechanisms of action, such as sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, potassium channel blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Each category includes specific drugs, their mechanisms, clinical uses, and potential side effects. The mind map also features an overview section with an ECG waveform illustration, highlighting the effects of these drugs on heart rhythms, and an information section discussing general principles of arrhythmia treatment.
This mind map, created using EdrawMind, outlines the pharmacotherapy options for angina pectoris. It covers various classes of drugs used in treatment, including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and important considerations. The map is divided into sections such as "Angina," "Drugs," "Organic Nitrates," and "Management," providing a structured overview of how different medications alleviate symptoms and improve patient outcomes in angina pectoris.
Powder
Introduction
Has more than one connotation in pharmacy
May be used to describe a physical form of a material
May also be used to describe a type of pharmaceutical preparation
Medicated powders
Mixtures of finely divided drugs (API) and excipients in dry form
Intended for internal or external use
Can be blended with other ingredients to form granules, tablets, capsules or other semi solid base
Some are dispensed as powders and need to be dissolved or suspended within liquid vehicle to produce liquid dosage forms
Why use it?
Advantages
Flexibility of compounding
Good chemical stability
Rapid dispersion of ingredients
Cost effective
Disadvantages
Hard to achieve uniformity or homogenous
Inaccuracy of dose
Many undesired property i.e. unpleasant tasting, hygroscopic and deliquescent drugs
Classification of powders
Based on particle size
Dispensing/by the way they presented to the user
Bulk powder
Oral powder: Generally are supplied as finely divided powders or effervescent granules. Intended to be suspended or dissolved in water or mixed with soft food
Dentifrices: Substance used with toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth. Available as tooth powders, toothpastes, liquids or gels
Douch powders: Completely soluble and are intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptics or cleansing agents for a body cavity. Components: Boric acid or sodium borate. May include astringents, antimicrobials
Dusting powders: Locally applied nontoxic preparations that are intended to have no systemic action. Should be dispensed in a very fine state to enhance effectiveness and minimize irritation
Requirements: Homogenous and very fine, free from irritation, flow easily, have good covering capacity, have good absorptive capacity, spread uniformly over body surface
Insufflations: Introduced into body cavities such as the ears, nose, throat, tooth sockets
Divided powder
Dispensed in the form of individual doses and generally dispensed in papers, properly folded (chartulae)
Each dose should be weighed individually and packed/transferred to a powder paper based on the amount to be taken at a single time
Dispensed in metal foil, small heat-sealed plastic bags or other containers
Influence of particle size
Dissolution rate: how fast particles dissolve; reduced particle size, increased surface can increase the dissolution rate
Suspendability: Particles intended to remain undissolved but uniformly dispersed in a liquid vehicle
Uniform distribution: To ensure dose-to-dose content uniformity in a powder mixture or solid dosage form
Penetration: Penetrability of inhaled particles for deposition deep in the respiratory tract
Grittiness: Not-gritty and non-irritating solid particles in dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic preparations
Free-flowing: Can easily spread on the skin surface; powders flow easily into moulds in making tablets or filling the capsules
Particle segregation/stratification: Bulk solids tend to segregate, if the particles differ in terms of size, shape or density
Preparation of powders
Comminution
Miling: Roll crushing, ball mill, hammer milling
Trituration (process): Reducing substances to fine particles by grinding or rubbing them in a mortar and pestle
Pulverization: Used with hard crystalline powders that do not crush or triturate easily, gummy type substances. Usually use solvent such as acetone or alcohol
Mixing
Trituration+geometric dilution: The smaller amount powder is triturated with an equal amount of the larger amount powder. The mixture is then mixed with an equal amount of the larger amount powder
Spatulation: Blending of powders with a spatula on a tile or paper used sometimes for small quantities or when the mortar and pestle technique is undesirable. [Not suitable for large quantities]
Sifting/sieving: Employed as a pre- or post-mixing method to reduce loosely held agglomerates and to increase the overall effectiveness of blending process
Tumbling: Utilizes zip-lock polybag for small scale mixing. Powder is mixed in rotating chamber
Small scale mixing equipment
Mortar and pestle
Glass mortars
Advantages: Comparatively nonporous and of not staining easily. Useful when-substances such as flavouring oils or highly colored substances are used. [Can not be used for comminuting hard solids]
Wedgewood mortars
Relatively porous and will stain easily. Available with a roughened interior which aids in comminution process but requires care in washing (cause drug may be trapped in the rough surface and cause contamination)
Porcelain mortars
Similar to wedgewood, except the exterior surface of the former is usually glazed and thus less porous
What we should look for...
Efflorescent powders
Caffeine
Citric acid
Codeine phosphate
Ferrous sulfate
Atropine sulfate
Hygroscopic powder
Sugar
Caramel
Honey
Glycerol
Ethanol
Wood
Methanol
Sulphuric acid
Deliquescent powder
Ammonium chloride
Iron and ammonium citrate
Pepsin
Phenobarbitone
Sodium bromide
Sodium iodide
Potassium citrate
Zinc chloride
Special problems
Volatile substances: The loss by volatilization may be prevented or retarded by use of heat-sealed plastic bags or by double wrapping with a waxed or glassine paper
Eutectic mixtures: Liquid result from the combination of phenol, camphor, menthol, thymol, antipyrine, acetanilid, aspirin
Liquids: In small amounts, liquids may be incorporated into divided powders
Hygroscopic and deliquescent substances: Substances that become moist because of affinity for moisture in the air may be prepared as divided powders by adding inert diluents. [Double wrapping is desirable for further protection]
Powder papers
Vegetable parchment: A thin semi-opaque moisture-resistance water
White bond: An opaque paper with no moisture-resistant properties
Glassine: A glazed, transparent moisture-resistant paper
Waxed: A transparent waterproof paper