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Marxist principles
This is a mind map about the principles of Marxism. Marxism is a broad and profound theoretical system. Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economics and scientific socialism are its three basic groups They are organically unified and together constitute the main content of the Marxist theoretical system.
Edited at 2023-12-11 23:07:08
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Marxist principles
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- Outline
Marxist principles
introduction
The meaning of Marxism
Marxism is a profound and profound theoretical system. Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and scientific socialism are its three basic components. They are organically unified and together constitute the main content of the Marxist theoretical system.
three basic components
Marxist Philosophy
Marxist Political Economy
Scientific Socialism
The founding of Marxism
German classical philosophy, British classical political economics, and British and French utopian socialism provided direct theoretical sources for the creation of Marxism.
"The Communist Manifesto"
Theses of the first proletarian party
Published: February 1848
Symbol: The public emergence of Marxism
Two great discoveries in Marx's life
historical materialism
doctrine of surplus value
The development of Marxism
In 1917, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party lost no time in leading the Russian working class and revolutionary people to win the victory of the October Revolution, turning socialism from an ideal into a reality, thus creating a new era in world history.
In the process of leading the Russian revolution and construction, Lenin combined the basic principles of Marxism with Russian reality, created Leninism, and developed Marxism into a new historical stage.
Sinicization of Marxism and modernization
The October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to China. "The October Revolution helped advanced elements all over the world and China, using the proletarian cosmology as a tool to observe the fate of the country and reconsider their own problems." Since its establishment, the Communist Party of China has established Marxism-Leninism as its guiding ideology, and in its continuous exploration, it has integrated the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific reality and with China's excellent traditional culture, and has continuously promoted the sinicization of Marxism. Marxism has been continuously enriched and developed.
Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era
Have outstanding innovative spirit
It not only enriches and develops the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, but also summarizes the historical experience of the Chinese Communist Party’s century-long struggle. In particular, the fresh experience in the practical exploration of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era condenses and demonstrates the profound wisdom contained in China’s excellent traditional culture. And draw on the achievements of the development of human civilization, enrich and develop Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economics, and scientific socialism. In particular, the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era inherit and develop dialectical materialism and historical materialism. It is also the basic point that must always be adhered to in continuing to promote theoretical innovation. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China summarized the main contents of this worldview and methodology from six aspects. That is to say, we must adhere to the people's supremacy, persist in self-confidence and self-reliance, persist in integrity and innovation, persist in problem orientation, persist in systematic concepts, and persist in having the world in mind. These "six must-persistences" are rich in connotation, interconnected, and have important guiding significance and methodological value. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents" and the Scientific Outlook on Development. It is contemporary Chinese Marxism, 21st century Marxism, the essence of Chinese culture and Chinese spirit of the times, and the crystallization of the practical experience and collective wisdom of the party and the people. It is an important part of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and an action guide for the whole party and the people in their struggle to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It must be persisted in for a long time and continuously developed.
Basic characteristics of Marxism
scientific
People's character
Practicality
developmental
In the process of studying Marxist theory, college students must have a correct attitude and scientific methods
1. Work hard to learn and master the basic positions, viewpoints and methods of Marxism
The knowledge of Marxism is extensive and profound, and there are so many volumes of Marxist works that it is difficult for us to fully grasp the knowledge system of Marxism in a limited time. At the same time, individual formulations by classic writers may become outdated as the times change, but Marxism’s basic stance, views, and methods have universal significance and eternal value that transcends time and space. Therefore, the most fundamental thing to study Marxism is to master the basic positions, viewpoints and methods of Marxism and understand the essence of Marxism. Only in this way can we form a correct world view and methodology, cultivate scientific thinking, and improve our ability to analyze and solve problems.
2. Work hard to study and master the theoretical results of the Sinicization of Marxism.
To study Marxist theory, we must not only study the basic principles of Marxism, but also study the theoretical achievements of Marxism that have been adapted to the times. In the process of combining the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific reality and with China's excellent traditional culture, our party has formed a series of theoretical achievements that adapt Marxism to the times. Study these theoretical achievements, especially Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, It not only helps to grasp the application and development of Marxism in China, but also helps to deepen the understanding of the basic principles of Marxism. We must focus on grasping the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, adhere to and apply the positions, viewpoints and methods that run through it, and The core is that we must adhere to the people's supremacy, persist in self-confidence and self-reliance, persist in integrity and innovation, persist in problem orientation, persist in systemic concepts, and persist in having the world in mind.
3. Adhere to the Marxist style of study that integrates theory with practice
To study theory, of course you must read more Marxist classics and important party documents. However, Marxist theory is by no means just knowledge in books, but also a guide to action that comes from practice and guides practice. Therefore, to learn this theory well, we must adhere to and carry forward the excellent style of study that integrates theory with practice. On the one hand, we must closely connect with the objective reality of our society, especially the new reality of the new era, and understand the major policies of our party; On the other hand, we must closely connect with our own reality, strive to transform our subjective world, further correct our understanding, improve our personality, and improve our own quality.
4. Consciously internalize Marxism in the heart and externalize it in the body. Learning Marxism should not just stop at mastering knowledge and methods, but must also be internalized into beliefs and externalized into actions.
Learning Marxism should not just stop at mastering knowledge and methods, but must also be internalized into beliefs and externalized into actions. We must establish scientific ideals and beliefs and consciously use Marxism as our guide to action. Xi Jinping pointed out that the first button of life requires us to solve the issue of ideals and beliefs. The majority of young people must firmly establish lofty ideals and firm beliefs, and establish a scientific world outlook, outlook on life and values. At the same time, we must continuously enhance our ability to serve the society and consciously contribute our youth, wisdom and strength to the realization of the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Chapter 1 The Materiality and Development Laws of the World
meaning of philosophy
Philosophy is a systematic and theoretical world view, a summary and summary of natural knowledge, social knowledge and thinking knowledge. It is an overall understanding of the universe and life, providing an indispensable ideological foundation for human beings to settle down and live their lives.
Lenin further provided a comprehensive scientific definition of the concept of matter
"Substance is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objective reality is perceived by people through their senses. It exists independently of our feelings and is copied, photographed, and reflected by our feelings. "
The material category of Marxism has rich and profound theoretical significance (Book P28)
1. Adhere to materialist monism and draw a clear line between idealist monism and dualism.
2. Adhere to the theory of active reflection and agnosticism, and criticize agnosticism.
3. It embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics and overcomes the shortcomings of metaphysical materialism.
4. It embodies the unity of the materialist view of nature and the view of history, laying a theoretical foundation for thorough materialism.
substance
Fundamental attributes
sports
Movement is a philosophical category that marks the changes and processes of all things and phenomena
Matter and motion are inseparable. Motion is the movement of matter, and matter is matter in motion. Motion apart from matter and matter apart from motion do not exist.
The dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness
Matter determines consciousness
Consciousness has a counter-effect on matter
Dialectical unity of subjective initiative and objective regularity
On the one hand, respecting objective laws is the prerequisite for correctly exerting subjective initiative.
On the other hand, only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we correctly understand and utilize objective laws
Three prerequisites and conditions for correctly exerting people’s subjective initiative (P35)
1. Starting from reality is the prerequisite for correctly exerting people’s subjective initiative.
2. Practice is the fundamental way to correctly develop people’s subjective initiative.
Third, the correct use of people’s subjective initiative also depends on certain material conditions and means.
Consciousness and artificial intelligence (P38)
1. Human consciousness is the unity of knowing and knowing, while artificial intelligence is only a simulation and expansion of human rational intelligence. Does not possess emotions, beliefs, will and other forms of human consciousness
Second, sociality is an essential attribute inherent in human consciousness, and artificial intelligence cannot truly possess human social attributes.
Third, human natural language is the material shell of thinking and the realistic form of consciousness, and artificial intelligence is difficult to fully possess the ability to understand the true meaning of natural language.
Fourth, artificial intelligence can obtain the content of human consciousness that can be reduced to digital signals, but there are always many things in the human brain that cannot be reduced.
Currently, artificial intelligence is still under development, and it can be expected that it will develop even more in the future. We must observe, think and grasp the future development of artificial intelligence and its impact on society with an open and objective attitude. While making full use of the convenience brought by artificial intelligence, it is also necessary to strengthen the research, judgment and prevention of the risks of improper application of artificial intelligence. Guide and standardize artificial intelligence in a direction more conducive to human survival and development.
material unity of the world
The principle of material unity of the world is the most basic and core view of dialectical materialism and the cornerstone of Marxism. It helps us establish a materialist scientific worldview and lays a solid foundation for us to further establish a correct outlook on life and values; at the same time, , it is also our duty to establish the correct ideological line and method of thinking. In the process of understanding and transforming the world, we must abandon all ideas and concepts that ignore the objective world and its regularity, and follow the principle of proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts.
connect
It refers to the mutual influence, mutual restriction and interaction between the various elements within things and between foods.
Features
objectivity
universality
Diversity
conditionality
changes and development of things
The material world is in eternal motion, and the movement of the material world inherently contains the changes and development of things. Change generally refers to all changes that occur in things, and development is the forward and upward movement in the changes of things.
development concept
The development of the material world, especially the development of human society, is essentially the emergence of new things and the demise of old things
The unity of opposites is the fundamental law of the development of things
The law of the unity of opposites is the essence and core of materialist dialectics. The law of the unity of opposites reveals the fundamental content of the universal connection of things and the internal driving force of change and development, and fundamentally answers the question of why things develop; the law of the unity of opposites is the center that runs through the law of quantitative change and qualitative change, the law of negation of negation, and the basic categories of materialist dialectics Clues are also the "key" to understanding these laws; the law of the unity of opposites provides the fundamental method for people to understand and transform the world - the contradiction analysis method. Therefore, in the process of understanding and transforming the world, it is very important to consciously adhere to and correctly apply the law of the unity of opposites.
contradiction
Things are composed of multiple contradictions
main contradiction
It is a contradiction that occupies a dominant position among contradictions and plays a decisive role in the development of things.
secondary contradiction
It is a contradiction that is in a subordinate position in the system of contradictions and plays a secondary role in the development of things.
The commonality and particularity of contradictions and their interactive relationship
The commonality and particularity of contradictions are dialectically unified.
The commonness of contradictions is the commonness of contradictions
The commonality of contradictions is unconditional and absolute
The particularity of contradiction is the individuality of contradiction
Contradictory personalities are conditional and relative
The contradictions of any things that exist in reality are the organic unity of commonality and individuality. Commonality resides in individuality. There is no commonality without individuality, and there is no individuality without commonality.
The principle of the dialectical relationship between the universality and particularity of contradictions is the philosophical basis for combining the basic principles of Marxism with the realities of various countries.
The Communist Party of China insists on combining the basic principles of Marxism with China's specific reality and with China's excellent traditional culture, constantly promotes the sinicization of Marxism and has achieved a series of major theoretical achievements, guiding China's revolution, construction, and reform to achieve great successes. At the same time, it enriched and developed Marxism with Chinese experience and theoretical innovation.
The law of quantitative change and qualitative change
It embodies the unity of the gradual and leapfrog nature of the development of things.
Chapter 2 Practice and understanding and its development rules
practical significance
Practicality is the fundamental feature that distinguishes Marxist theory from other theories
The practical point of view is the basic point of Marxism and an important part of the Marxist worldview
production of material data
It is the most important social practice activity in human history.
It is the prerequisite for all other historical activities.
what is practice
Practice is the most basic activity for human survival and development. It is the essence of human social life, It is the basis for the emergence and development of human understanding. It is also the basis for the unity of truth and value
the nature of practice
Practice is the social material activity through which human beings actively transform the world.
Three basic characteristics
objective reality
conscious agency
social historicity
form of practice
Production Practice
sociopolitical practice
Scientific and cultural practice
The decisive role of practice in understanding (major topic)
1. Practice is the source of knowledge
The content of knowledge is generated and developed on the basis of practical activities. Only through practice can people actually transform and change objects. Only in this way can we accurately grasp the attributes, essence and laws of objects, form correct understanding, and use this understanding to guide people's practical activities. As Xi Jinping pointed out: “The theory, line, principles and policies proposed and implemented by our party at this stage are correct because It is because they are all based on the social existence of our country in the current era. " Understanding without practice is impossible. All true knowledge originates from direct experience. A person's acquisition of knowledge consists of two parts: direct experience and indirect experience. As far as the origin of knowledge is concerned, any knowledge cannot be separated from direct experience. However, this does not mean that everything must be experienced directly. "My life has a limit, but my knowledge has no limit." Most of a person's knowledge still comes from indirect experience, obtained from books and teachings. However, "for me it is an indirect experience, but for others it is still a direct experience." Fundamentally speaking, practice is the source of knowledge. If you want to achieve a career, you must not only study hard, but also practice with concentration.
2. Practice is the driving force for cognitive development
The needs of practice promote the emergence and development of understanding, promote human scientific discoveries and technological inventions, and promote human ideological progress and theoretical innovation. The needs of water conservancy, construction, navigation, war, etc. have given rise to natural sciences such as astronomy, mathematics and mechanics; the needs of ecological environment protection have promoted the development of ecological civilization theory. Engels pointed out: "Once society has technical needs, this need will push science forward more than ten universities." In addition, practice is the driving force for the development of knowledge, and it is also reflected in the fact that practice provides the means for the development of knowledge. and conditions, such as empirical data, experimental instruments and tools, etc. The more important point is that practice transforms people's subjective world and exercises and improves people's cognitive abilities. It is under the impetus of practice that people continue to break the old framework of understanding, break through the old ideas in their minds, achieve new leaps in understanding, and thus continue to make discoveries and make progress.
3. Practice is the purpose of understanding
People gain knowledge through practice, not "hunting for novelties" or "elegant", nor knowing for the sake of knowledge. Its ultimate purpose is to serve practice and guide practice to meet the needs of people's life and production. The purpose of continuous innovation in natural science is to promote greater development of technology, create richer material wealth, and bring more well-being to mankind. The purpose of continuous innovation in the humanities and social sciences is to understand society, understand human beings themselves, transform society, build spiritual civilization, create spiritual wealth, and promote the free and comprehensive development of people.
4. Time is the only criterion for testing the truth of knowledge
Truth is not self-proclaimed. "To determine whether knowledge or theory is true is not based on subjective feelings, but on the objective results of social practice. The standard of truth can only be social practice." In other words, whether knowledge has truth Nature can neither be confirmed from cognition itself, nor can it be answered from the object of cognition. It can only be verified in practice.
The meaning of rational understanding
Rational understanding means that people use abstract thinking to summarize and sort out a large amount of perceptual materials. Achieve understanding of the essence, totality, internal connections and regularity of things
Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge: the relationship is dialectical unity
① Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge
2. Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed and deepened into rational knowledge
3. Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge interpenetrate and include each other.
Dialectical Movement of Practice and Cognition (P89)
The dialectical movement of practice and knowledge is a leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and from rational knowledge to practice. It is a dialectical development process of practice, knowledge, practice again, knowledge again, and it goes back and forth to infinity. From practice to understanding, and then from understanding to practice, the dialectical movement process of people understanding specific objects is realized. After two leaps, is the movement of practice and understanding completed? The answer is: both completed and not completed.
truth
Definition: Truth is a philosophical category that marks the consistency between subjectivity and objectivity, and is a correct reflection of objective things and their laws.
The difference between the Marxist view of truth and the old materialist view of truth is that it believes that the correspondence between truth and objective things is based on the practice of human beings actively transforming the objective world, and is based on the active reflection of human beings. It is realized through activities and will inevitably expand and deepen with the development of human practice.
Practice is the only criterion for testing truth
The reason why practice can be used as the only criterion for testing truth is determined by the nature of truth and the characteristics of practice.
1. From the perspective of the nature of truth, truth is people’s correct reflection of objective things and their development laws. Its nature lies in the consistency between subjectivity and objectivity.
Second, from the perspective of the characteristics of practice, practice is directly realistic. The direct reality of practice is the concrete manifestation of its objective reality
Understand the world and transform the world
The fundamental purpose of understanding the world is to transform the world
Understanding the world and transforming the world and their dialectical relationship
Understanding the world and transforming the world are a dialectical and unified relationship of interdependence and mutual restriction.
On the one hand, understanding the world helps to transform the world, and correctly understanding the world is a necessary prerequisite for effectively transforming the world; On the other hand, only through the practice of transforming the world can people continuously deepen and expand their correct understanding of the world. The unity of understanding the world and transforming the world determines that theory and practice must be combined. Practice without theoretical guidance is blind practice, and theory that is not combined with practice is empty theory, both of which are undesirable. (Contradiction first, then unity)
The process of understanding and transforming the world is a process from necessity to freedom.
Marxism believes that freedom is a category that expresses the state of human activities, and refers to a state of consciousness and autonomy shown by human beings through understanding and utilizing necessity in their activities. "Freedom is the understanding of necessity and the transformation of the objective world." People cannot get rid of the constraints of necessity. Only on the basis of understanding necessity can they have free activities. This is the limit of human freedom and the dialectical law of freedom and necessity. Necessity is regularity, which refers to the objective laws inherent in the development of nature and society that exist independently of human consciousness.
freedom is conditional
cognitive conditions
Practical conditions
Understanding necessity and striving for freedom are the fundamental goals for mankind to understand and transform the world. It is a historical process. Any practice is a specific practice at a certain historical stage, and freedom restricted by subjective and objective conditions must also be specific and historical. Freedom that transcends the stage of social development, practical ability and practical development level is impossible to achieve.
The relationship between necessity and freedom
It runs through the entire existence and development of human beings and becomes the eternal contradiction of human existence and development. Therefore, it is also the eternal driving force for human existence and development.
Everything is based on reality and seeks truth from facts
Starting from reality in everything means taking objectively existing things as the fundamental starting point for observing and handling problems. This is the fundamental requirement and concrete embodiment of Marxist epistemology
Adhere to integrity and innovation, and achieve positive interaction between theoretical innovation and practical innovation
Adhere to integrity and innovation
The so-called keeping upright means adhering to seeking truth from facts, adhering to the understanding of truth, and adhering to the correct political direction.
The so-called innovation means persisting in emancipating the mind, getting rid of old concepts, old models, and old practices that are inconsistent with the objective process of things, discovering and applying new connections, new attributes, and new laws of things, so as to understand and transform the world more effectively.
Keeping integrity and innovating means adhering to the dialectical unity of integrity and innovation.
Uprightness and innovation are complementary to each other. Uprightness is the premise and foundation of innovation, and innovation is the purpose and path of uprightness. Only by keeping upright can we think about problems and do things in accordance with the essential requirements and objective laws of things, adhere to the right path and consolidate our foundation; only by innovation can we give full play to people's subjective initiative and promote the development of understanding and practice. Keeping integrity and innovating profoundly reveals the dialectical unity of "change" and "immutability", inheritance and development.
Chapter 3 Human Society and its Development Laws
Social existence and social consciousness
The relationship between social existence and social consciousness is a basic issue in the view of social history. A correct understanding of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness is the basis and prerequisite for scientifically grasping the laws of human social development.
social existence
Refers to the material living conditions of society, which is the material aspect of social life, mainly including the natural geographical environment, demographic factors and material production methods.
Social awareness
It is a reflection of social existence and the spiritual aspect of social life.
Why is the social mode of production important?
1. Material production activities and production methods are the basis for the existence and development of human society and are the primary prerequisite for all other human activities.
2. Material production activities and production methods determine the structure, nature and appearance of society, and restrict all social life including people's economic life, political life and spiritual life.
3. The changes and development of material production activities and production methods determine the changes and development of the entire social history, and determine the replacement and development of social forms from lower to higher levels.
The dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness
Social existence and social consciousness are dialectically unified
Social existence determines social consciousness
Social consciousness is a reflection of social existence and reacts on social existence
Social existence is the objective source of the content of social consciousness, and social consciousness is the subjective reflection of the social material life process and its conditions.
Social consciousness is the product of people's social and material interactions
Society is historical and concrete
relative independence of social consciousness
1. The development of social consciousness and social existence is incompletely synchronized and unbalanced.
Second, various forms of social consciousness interact with each other and each has historical inheritance.
Third, social consciousness has an active reaction on social existence, which is a prominent manifestation of the relative independence of social consciousness.
Any social consciousness will not appear out of thin air. It can only be produced to meet the requirements of the development of material life in a certain society. Therefore, it must have the function and value to meet these requirements. Under certain conditions, it will be transformed into material power and act on social existence. , affecting the development of history. Advanced social consciousness reflects the trends and requirements of social development and plays a positive role in promoting social development; backward social consciousness does not conform to the trends and requirements of social development and plays a negative role in hindering social development.
basic contradictions in society
Basic contradictions in human society: the contradiction between productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure
Relations of production
Economic relationships formed by people in the process of material production that are independent of human will
The relationship between production and production relations is a dialectical relationship
1. Productivity determines production relations
2. Production relations have an active reaction on productivity
Mainly manifested in two situations: When production relations meet the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, they will promote the development of productive forces; When production relations do not meet the objective requirements for the development of productive forces, they will hinder the development of productive forces.
The economic base and superstructure are dialectically unified
Upper decision decided by the economic background
The superstructure reacts on the economic base
The two influence and interact with each other
First, the economic base determines the superstructure. The economic base is the material basis on which the superstructure emerges, exists and develops; the superstructure is the indispensable political and ideological condition for the economic base to establish its dominance and consolidate and develop. Thirdly, the interaction between the economic base and the superstructure constitutes the contradictory movement of the two. This contradictory movement is extremely complex in actual operation. Finally, the inherent relationship between the economic base and the superstructure constitutes the law that the superstructure must adapt to the conditions of the economic base. “Must be suitable” here means: the economic base conditions determine the development direction of the superstructure and determine the corresponding adjustments or changes of the superstructure; the reaction of the superstructure must also depend on and be subject to the nature and objective requirements of the economic base.
main contradiction in society
The principal contradiction in society is not static; it will transform under certain conditions. At a certain stage of social development, due to changes in socioeconomic, political, cultural and other factors, The original main social contradictions will transform in two directions: First, the content of both sides of the main contradiction in society has changed to a certain extent; Second, the contradictory status changes. The original principal contradiction is transformed into a subordinate contradiction, while an original non-principal contradiction rises to a dominant principal contradiction.
Civilizations and their diversity
the meaning of civilization
It is the sum of all material results, spiritual results and institutional results created by human beings. It is a category that marks social progress and reflects the positive results of human social practice activities.
The role of culture in social development
1. Culture provides ideological guidance for social development
2. Culture provides spiritual power for social development
3. Culture provides cohesive force for social development
The role of basic social contradictions in historical development is mainly reflected in
1. Productivity is the most basic dynamic factor in the movement of basic social contradictions and the final decisive force for the development and progress of human society.
2. The basic contradictions of society, especially the contradiction between productivity and production relations, determine the existence and development of other contradictions in society.
3. The basic contradictions of society have different forms of expression and solutions, and fundamentally affect and promote the change and development of social forms.
The role of science and technology in social development
As an important symbol of advanced productivity, science and technology are an important force in promoting the progress of social civilization. Science and technology is a complex concept. Science refers to the correct understanding of nature, society and human thinking. It is a knowledge system and related activities that reflect objective facts and objective laws. Science is mainly divided into natural science, social science and thinking science. Technology can be divided into broad and narrow senses. Technology in a broad sense includes production technology and non-production technology. Technology in the narrow sense refers to production technology, that is, the methods and means by which humans transform nature and produce. Science and technology are a dialectically unified whole. In today's modern era, scientific activities and technical activities are increasingly closely linked, and there is a trend of science and technology. Science and technology are increasingly integrated, forming a "scientific revolution" that integrates scientific revolution and technological revolution as its main content. "Technological Revolution", referred to as the technological revolution.
technological revolution
1. It has had a profound impact on the mode of production.
2. It has had a huge impact on lifestyles
Third, it promotes changes in the way of thinking
Correctly grasp the social role of science and technology
To correctly understand and apply science and technology, the first thing is to have a reasonable social system to ensure the correct use of science and technology, and always insist on making science and technology serve the healthy development of human society and let science and technology benefit mankind.
The decisive role of the people in the process of creating history
The people are the main body of social history and the creators of history. This is one of the most basic views of Marxism. Qualitatively, the people refer to all those who play a role in promoting the development of society and history. From a quantitative point of view, the masses of the people refer to the vast majority of the social population. The masses of the people are a historical category.
In the process of social and historical development, the people play a decisive role. The people are the main body of social and historical practice and play a decisive role in creating history.
The people are the creators of society's material wealth. The basis for the existence and development of human society is the production method of material materials. The broad masses of working people are the main body of material production activities.
The people are the creators of social spiritual wealth
The people are the decisive force for social change
The activities of the people in creating history are restricted by certain social and historical conditions.
Chapter 4 The Essence and Laws of Capitalism
Historical conditions for the emergence of commodity economy
Commodity economy is an economic form of production for the purpose of exchange and is the product of certain social and historical conditions.
There is a social division of labor
The means of production and the products of labor belong to different owners
The two factors of the commodity and the dual nature of the labor that produces them
Commodities are labor products that are used for exchange and can satisfy certain human needs. They have two factors or two attributes: use value and value. They are a contradictory unity of use value and value.
value
It is the undifferentiated general human labor condensed in commodities, that is, the expenditure of human brain and physical strength. Value is the unique social attribute of commodities.
The use value and value of commodities are in a unified relationship of opposites
Opposites: the use value and value of a commodity are mutually exclusive
Unity: As a commodity, it must have both use value and value.
functions of money
value scale
means of circulation
storage means
means of payment
world currency
The law of value and its effects
The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity. Commodity exchange is based on the value and is conducted in accordance with the principle of equal exchange.
effect
1. Consciously adjust the distribution ratio of production means and labor among various production departments in society.
2. Spontaneously stimulate the development of social productivity
3. Spontaneously adjust the distribution of social income
The basic contradictions of a commodity economy based on private ownership
The contradiction between private labor and social labor constitutes the basic contradiction of the commodity economy based on private ownership.
The theoretical and practical significance of Marx's labor theory of value
1. Marx’s labor theory of value sublated the views of British classical political economics and laid the foundation for the creation of the theory of surplus value.
2. Marx’s labor theory of value reveals the basic contradictions of the commodity economy under private ownership, and provides a theoretical basis for revealing the relationship between people from behind the relationship between things.
3. Marx’s labor theory of value reveals the general laws of the commodity economy and is of guiding significance for understanding the socialist market economy.
Deepen the understanding of Marx's labor theory of value under contemporary conditions
1. Deepen our understanding of labor that creates value and create a new definition of productive labor
2. Deepen the understanding of the role of scientific and technological personnel and business managers in social production and value creation
3. Deepen our understanding of the relationship between value creation and value distribution
The establishment of capitalist ownership
The meaning of ownership of means of production
Refers to who actually owns and controls the means of production, and relies on this ownership and control to achieve production and obtain surplus products. The nature of the ownership of the means of production determines the nature of the production relations.
The significance of the theory of surplus value
The theory of surplus value profoundly exposes the exploitative nature of capitalist production relations. Elucidates the economic roots of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, Pointed out the historical inevitability of proletarian revolution. The theory of surplus value is the core content and cornerstone of Marx's economic theory. It is a sharp weapon for the proletariat to oppose the bourgeoisie and reveal the exploitative nature of the capitalist system. Due to the discovery of historical materialism and the theory of surplus value, socialism turned from utopia to science. While Marx analyzed the production, accumulation, circulation and distribution process of surplus value and revealed the special laws of capitalist economy, It also reveals the general laws of commodity economy and socialized production, which also play a role in the socialist market economy.
The basic contradiction of capitalism
basic contradiction
The contradiction between socialization of production and capitalist private ownership of the means of production
Under capitalism, with the advancement of science and technology and the continuous development of social productivity, capitalist production continues to be socialized. However, in the production relationship in which capitalists privately own the means of production and exploit wage laborers, socialized productivity becomes the productivity of capital. It becomes the ability of capital to efficiently extract surplus labor, occupy surplus value, and realize value appreciation.
capitalist economic crisis
It is cyclical, which is determined by the stages of the movement of the basic contradictions of capitalism.
functions of the capitalist state
With serving the capitalist system and bourgeois interests as its fundamental content, Including two basic aspects: internal and external. That is to implement internal political rule and social management, Conduct international exchanges and safeguard national security and interests.
Chapter 5 The development and trends of capitalism
Production concentration and monopoly formation
Free competition leads to the concentration of production and capital. When the concentration of production and capital reaches a certain stage, it will inevitably lead to monopoly. This is the objective law of capitalist development.
monopoly
definition
Refers to a small number of large capitalist enterprises that, in order to obtain high profits, manipulate and control the production, sales and prices of goods in one or several departments through mutual agreements and alliances.
cause
1. When production concentration develops to a very high level, a very small number of companies will join forces. Mr. Cao will control the production and sales of his own department and implement a monopoly in order to obtain high profits.
Second, the large scale of enterprises will restrict competition and create monopolies.
Third, fierce competition has brought more and more serious losses to all competing parties. In order to avoid losing-lose situations, companies will reach compromises, join forces, and implement monopolies.
Sources of monopoly profits
1. Obtain more profits by intensifying the exploitation of the country’s proletariat and other working people.
Second, because monopoly capital can control the market through monopoly high prices and monopoly low prices, it can obtain the profits of some other enterprises, especially non-monopoly enterprises.
3. Obtain profits from abroad by intensifying the exploitation and plunder of working people in other countries.
Fourth, redistribution in favor of monopoly capital through capitalist state power, thereby turning part of the national income created by working people into the income of monopoly capital
Economic globalization and its impact
The meaning of economic globalization
It refers to the situation where production continues to develop, science and technology accelerate progress, social division of labor and international division of labor continue to deepen, and the degree of socialization and internationalization of production continues to increase. The economic activities of countries and regions around the world are increasingly exceeding those of a certain country and region. range of interconnected and interdependent processes
Performance of economic globalization
1. Globalization of production
2. Trade Globalization
3. Financial Globalization
Factors behind the rapid development of economic globalization
1. The progress of science and technology and the development of productivity have provided a solid material foundation and fundamental driving force for economic globalization.
2. The development of transnational corporations provides appropriate corporate organizational forms for economic globalization.
3. The transformation of the economic systems of various countries and the development of international economic organizations are the institutional and organizational guarantees of economic globalization.
New Characteristics of Contemporary Capitalist Changes
1. Scientific and technological innovation accelerates changes in capitalist production methods
2. The influence of international financial monopoly capitalism is increasingly apparent
The social class hierarchy is complex and diverse
Fourth, developed capitalist countries rely on their super advantages in economy, science and technology, and cultural communication to pursue hegemonism and power politics around the world.
Chapter 6 The Development and Laws of Socialism
The main contents of the basic principles of scientific socialism
1. Capitalism will inevitably perish, and socialism will inevitably win.
2. The proletariat is the most advanced and revolutionary class, shouldering the historical mission of overthrowing the old capitalist world and establishing a new world of socialism and communism.
3. Proletarian revolution is the highest form of struggle of the proletariat, with the purpose of establishing state power under the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Fourth, production must be organized on the basis of public ownership of the means of production to meet the needs of all members of society as the fundamental purpose of production
Fifth, it is necessary to carry out planned guidance and regulation of social production and implement the principle of distribution according to work
Sixth, we must transform and utilize nature in accordance with the laws of nature, and strive to achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
7. We must adhere to scientific theoretical guidance and vigorously develop advanced socialist culture
8. The proletarian party is the vanguard of the proletariat, and the cause of socialism must always adhere to the leadership of the proletarian party
9. A socialist society must vigorously liberate and develop productive forces, gradually eliminate exploitation and polarization, achieve common prosperity and comprehensive social progress, and ultimately transition to a communist society.
10. Communism is the most beautiful social system for mankind, and realizing communism is the highest ideal of communists
Correctly grasp the basic principles of scientific socialism
1. We must always adhere to the basic principles of scientific socialism and oppose any erroneous tendency that deviates from the basic principles of scientific socialism.
Second, we must be good at integrating the basic principles of scientism with the country's reality and the characteristics of the times, and creatively answer and solve major issues in socialist revolution, construction, and reform.
Third, keep up with the development of the times and practice, and further enrich and develop the basic principles of scientific socialism while constantly summarizing fresh experience.
What should we do to explore a development path that suits our country’s national conditions?
1. To explore the road of socialist development, we must adhere to the scientific attitude towards Marxism
2. To explore the path of socialist development, we must proceed from the local historical conditions at that time and persist in "taking our own path."
3. To explore the path of socialist development, we must fully absorb all the outstanding achievements of human civilization.
Forging ahead in practice is an inevitable requirement for the development of the socialist cause
1. Socialism is the great practice of hundreds of millions of people
2. Socialist practice is a process of continuous exploration
3. Some twists and turns appeared in the practical exploration, which changed the forward trend of socialism.
Fourth, to promote social attention to practical development, we must have a pioneering and enterprising spirit.
Chinese style modernization
It is socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. It has the common characteristics of the modernization of all countries and has Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions. Chinese-style modernization is a modernization with a huge population and a modernization with common prosperity for all people. It is a modernization that harmonizes material civilization and spiritual civilization, a modernization that harmoniously coexists with nature, and a modernization that follows the path of peaceful development.
significance
1. Chinese-style modernization provides new options for mankind to realize modernization
2. Chinese-style modernization fully proves the truth of scientific socialism
Chapter 7 The noble ideal of communism and its ultimate realization
Methodological principles for foreseeing future society
1. Point out the direction of social development on the basis of revealing the general laws of human social development.
2. Elucidate the characteristics of the new world in the future while analyzing the old world of capitalism
3. Continuously deepen the understanding of the future communist society in the development of socialist society
Fourth, it is based on revealing the general characteristics of future society without giving specific descriptions of various details.
Whether to adhere to scientific standpoints, viewpoints and methods
It is the basic prerequisite for correctly foreseeing the future.
It is also the fundamental difference between Marxism and utopian socialism
Basic characteristics of communist society
1. Material wealth is extremely abundant and consumption materials are distributed according to needs.
2. Social relations are highly harmonious and people’s spiritual realm has been greatly improved.
3. Realize the free and comprehensive development of everyone, and human beings make a leap from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom.
As a new era, how can we adhere to the dialectical unity of lofty ideals and common ideals?
1. Upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way for the Chinese nation to lead to communism.
The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way for the Chinese nation to eventually move towards communism. Only by advancing along this path can China's socialist construction be successful, the superiority of the socialist system be fully reflected, and the socialist society be able to gradually move towards a communist society on the basis of full development and high development. “We are now upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, which is a real effort towards the highest ideal.”
2. Correctly understand and grasp the relationship between the lofty ideals of communism and the common ideals of socialism with Chinese characteristics
The relationship between the lofty ideals of communism and the common ideals of socialism with Chinese characteristics
1. From a time perspective, the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals is the relationship between final ideals and staged ideals.
2. From a hierarchical perspective, the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals is the relationship between the highest program and the minimum program.
3. From a scope perspective, the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals is also the relationship between the ideals of all mankind and the ideals of all Chinese people.
In short, we must grasp and handle the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals with dialectical thinking and historical thinking, and cannot treat it with a simplistic attitude. At all times, we must adhere to the unity of lofty ideals and common ideals, and cannot separate or oppose them.