1. Flat vesicle (cisterna)

2.Vesicle

3. Large vesicles (vacuole)

1. Shunmian Golgi network

2. Golgi intermediate membrane vesicle

3.Golgi Anti-Network

Nerve cells - distributed around the nucleus

Intestinal epithelial mucosa and pancreatic cells - tend to be distributed near the nucleus - pole

Glycosyltransferase—the most characteristic enzyme of the Golgi apparatus

oxidoreductase

Phosphatase

Phospholipases

fatty acyltransferase

casein phosphokinase

α-Glycosidase

Two different discharge forms of exported secreted proteins

1. Processing and synthesis of glycoproteins

2. Hydrolysis and processing of proteins

1 Lysosomal enzymes are sorted and packaged by the Golgi complex and transported to lysosomes in the form of coated vesicles

2 Secreted proteins are transported directly to the cell membrane in the form of coated vesicles or secreted and released outside the cell

3 Secretory proteins are temporarily stored in the cytoplasm in the form of secretory vesicles and are secreted and released outside the cell when necessary.

Form size: significant difference, the general diameter is 0.2~0.8m, the diameter of some is only 0.05m, and the largest diameter can reach several microns.

Quantity distribution: Typical animal cells contain approximately several hundred lysosomes. The number of lysosomes in different cells varies greatly.

Physiological and biochemical properties: The types of enzymes contained in each lysosome are limited; the hydrolases contained in different lysosomes are identical side by side.

They are all sac-like structures wrapped by a layer of unit membrane.

They are rich in acid hydrolase, which is the signature enzyme of lysosomes.

The lumen of the lysosomal membrane is rich in highly glycosylated transmembrane integral proteins, which prevent lysosomal enzymes from digesting and decomposing the own membrane structure.

There is a proton pump embedded in the lysosomal membrane, which can pump H* into the lysosome and maintain the acidic inner loop of the lysosome.

Lysosomal-associated membrane rotein

lysosomal integral membrane protein

The peptide chain structure of this type of protein includes

1. Primary lysosome

2. Secondary lysosome

3. Tertiary lysosomes

Endosomal lysosomes are formed by the merger of transport vesicles sprouted from the Golgi complex and late endosomes formed through endocytosis (drinking).

Phagolytic lysosomes are formed by the fusion of endosomal lysosomes and substrates from both inside and outside the cell

Form heterophagolysosomes to digest foreign substances taken in through endocytosis (drinking)

The formation of autophagy lysosomes breaks down aging and damaged cells into small molecules, which are reused by cells as organelles for digestion.