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World History 19 - Kievan Rus and the Creation of the United Russian State
This episode mainly tells the story of Russia's past life. It emerged from the Slavic nation and was influenced by Byzantine culture during its development. Later, it was invaded by Mongolia and ruled for more than 2 centuries. In the end, the Principality of Moscow emerged. , unified Rus.
Editado a las 2024-01-16 12:33:47,
World History 19 - Kievan Rus and the Creation of the United Russian State
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World History 19 - Kievan Rus and the Creation of the United Russian State
1. The origin of the Slavic peoples
The ancestor of the Slavic nation in ancient times was called Panno.
He has three sons, Lech, Czech and Ross. When the children grow up, they say goodbye to their hometown and go out to explore the world. Lech established himself in the northwest region and formed what is now the Poles. Jack married a wife and had children in the southwest, forming what is now the Czech people. Rus went to the north, and then there were the Russians.
2. The formation of the Slavic nation
The birthplace of the ancient Slavs was in the Dnieper and Vistula river basins. That is today's Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. At that time they were not called Slavs, but Vineds, Sclavins, and Ants.
The Vined people live in the area between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dniester River in the southeast. The Sklavians live in the area stretching from the Sava River in the west, to the Dniester River in the east, and to the Vistula River in the north. Ant people, between the Dnieper and Transnistrian river basins.
In the 5th and 6th centuries, the three tribal alliances began to plunder Byzantium. The terms Venedi and Ant were gradually replaced by Slavs. Slavic is what Slavic people consider themselves to be the same language.
After a century of conquest, the Slavs occupied almost the entire Balkan Peninsula formerly controlled by Constantinople.
3. Development of Slavic peoples
In the 7th century, the Slavs were divided into three branches: Eastern, Western and Southern.
West Slavic
The first state of the Western Slavs, Samer, located in today's Bohemia, lasted about 35 years. It is said to have been founded in 623 by a Frankish merchant.
Around 830, the country of Great Moravia was born, roughly on the land of the original Sammer.
Another early country was Poland, first founded in the late 10th century and known as the Principality of Greater Poland in history.
Yugoslavia
The first state established by the southern Slavs was the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In 680 AD, the capital was established in Plisca. The king is Asbaruch. It was jointly established by the Turkic Bulgars and Slavs. Later, the Bulgars were assimilated by the Slavs.
The second state was the Kingdom of Serbia, founded in 850. Vladimir was the founding father.
East Slavic
The East Slavs established Rus on the plains of Eastern Europe and were named after the Rus River. Legend has it that the leader of the Rus people was named Kyi. The capital is Kiev.
At the beginning of the 9th century, almost half of the East Slavs were united with Kiev as the center. The participation of the Varangians from northern Europe accelerated the formation of the state. The East Slavs called the Germanic tribes from Scandinavia the Varangians.
In the middle of the 9th century, they compromised with each other after the war. They asked the Varangians to rule. Rurik, the leader of the Varangians, went to Novgorod and became a prince. He sent his cronies to various places to collect tribute from the residents. After that, Oleg succeeded.
In 882, Oleg went south to conquer Kiev. And move the center of the country here. This year is considered the founding year of Kievan Rus.
The Varangians' management method was one that relied entirely on tribute.
Rus's trade and war with Byzantium promoted the development of Rus' own economy and the penetration of Byzantine culture into Rus.
4. The influx of Byzantine culture along with Christianity
In 957, Olga, the widow of Grand Duke Igor of Kiev, went to Constantinople and was interested in visiting the Byzantine Emperor. After she was baptized, she escaped from her marriage to the Byzantine emperor through doctrine.
Olga was the first Grand Duke of Kiev to accept Christianity. His son Sviatoslav also converted to Christianity. After Svyatoslav's son Vladimir became the Grand Duke of Kiev, he investigated religions around the world. Finally, he adopted Christianity as the state religion and married Princess Anna of Byzantium.
The Christianity embraced by the Byzantine Empire advocated the unity of politics and religion. The emperor was both the highest political and religious leader. A common religion closely linked Rus' to Byzantium. With the arrival of a large number of clergy. Byzantine culture poured into Rus'.
In 1054, the Christian Church split between the Eastern and Western churches. European civilization is divided into two parts. Western Roman Catholic civilization that mainly uses Latin. and the Byzantine Orthodox civilization, which mainly used Greek writing.
5. The influence of Byzantine culture
religious art
Byzantine-style churches were built everywhere. By the 11th century, there were many onion-shaped domed buildings in Rus.
Text and technology
A script based on the Greek alphabet. Translated and compiled documents and religious writings were introduced to Rus. There are also punctuation marks, writing materials such as animal skin paper, ink and pigment manufacturing technology, and book binding technology. It played a role in promoting the accumulation of cultural knowledge and the development of national language in Ross.
language arts
After the unification of writing, a large number of historical, religious, political and literary works written and created by the Russians themselves also emerged.
policy
The political system of Kievan Rus was not centralized. The Grand Duke of Kiev entrusted the land to the feudal princes. But there is no clear system for the succession of the Grand Duke. Therefore, by the 12th century, Kievan Rus had been divided into many independent principalities.
Since the mid-11th century, frequent wars have caused serious damage to economic life. The Crusaders invaded eastward, causing the main lines of world trade to be rerouted. This also caused Russia, especially Kiev, to lose its previous advantageous position.
6. Mongol Invasion
In 1206, Mongolia was born.
In May 1223, the Mongolian army and the Russian army fought a decisive battle on the banks of the Kalka River. The Russians were defeated. The Mongols advanced southeast of the Volga River.
In 1236, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu led his army to invade northeastern Russia and occupied Vladimir. and marched towards Novgorod.
In 1240, he led his army to capture Kiev and prepared for an expedition to Western Europe.
In 1242, he expedition to Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. After the defeat of the Czech Republic, he led his army back to the lower reaches of the Volga River. An Islamic country, the Golden Horde, was established, with its capital at Salai. From then on began the Mongolian rule of Rus for more than 240 years.
Mongolia retained the feudal political power of each principality and issued titles to each royal palace. Each principality paid tribute and assumed military service. After the Mongol invasion, the Russian economy was devastated.
7. Muscovy unified Rus
From the 14th to the 15th centuries, the Russian economy gradually recovered and entered a stage of development. Economic development requires political unity. The increasingly powerful Muscovite became the center for unification.
Agricultural development around Moscow is facilitated by canals. Not only can a large amount of taxes be collected during transit trade, but it also promotes the development of handicrafts and commerce. The city continued to expand, its population increased, and it became the capital of Muscovy.
In leading Russia's struggle for independence and unification, the Grand Duke of Moscow developed its military, taxation, lands, and political system along the lines of the Mongols.
From the 14th to the 16th century, serfdom and autocracy gradually took shape.
In 1328, Prince Ivan Kalida of Moscow received the canonization of Vladimir and the Grand Duke of All Russia from the Golden Horde Khan. While gaining the trust of the Golden Horde Khan, he used force and taxation to weaken other principalities. The same goes for the successors, whose power continues to grow.
During the reign of Ivan III, Rus finally broke free from the shackles of foreign servitude. Ivan III also introduced the Byzantine national emblem, the double-headed eagle, to Russia. Since then, the double-headed eagle has become the national emblem of the Russian state.
Basil III (son of Ivan III) completed the unification of Northeast Rus. At this time, the territory of Russia reached the White Sea in the north, the Oka River in the south, the upper reaches of the Dnieper River in the west, and the branches of the Ural Mountains in the east, covering an area of 2.3 million square kilometers. A multi-ethnic centralized state was formed.
In 1533, after the death of Basil III, Ivan IV succeeded to the throne. In 1547, Ivan IV was crowned Tsar.
——Russia’s past life