MindMap Gallery General Introduction to Pharmacology
General Introduction to Pharmacology Overview of pharmaceutical science, explaining how drugs work in the body and affect physiological functions. The pharmacology mind map helps clarify the knowledge context of medical physiology, and the introduction is easy to understand, laying a solid foundation for learning.
Edited at 2024-04-07 17:55:22This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
This is a mind map about Deep Analysis of Character Relationships in Zootopia 2, Main content: 1、 Multi-layer network of relationships: interweaving of main lines, branch lines, and hidden interactions, 2、 Motivation for Character Behavior: Active Promoter and Hidden Intendant, 3、 Key points of interaction: logic of conflict, collaboration, and covert support, 4、 Fun Easter eggs: metaphorical details hidden in interactions.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
This is a mind map about Deep Analysis of Character Relationships in Zootopia 2, Main content: 1、 Multi-layer network of relationships: interweaving of main lines, branch lines, and hidden interactions, 2、 Motivation for Character Behavior: Active Promoter and Hidden Intendant, 3、 Key points of interaction: logic of conflict, collaboration, and covert support, 4、 Fun Easter eggs: metaphorical details hidden in interactions.
General Introduction to Pharmacology
introduction
drug(drug)
natural medicine
i.e. active ingredients extracted from natural plants, animals and minerals
synthetic drugs
That is, synthetic or semi-synthetic chemical drugs
biotechnology drugs
That is, various biologically active substances and their artificially synthesized analogs using biological substances as raw materials, as well as drugs prepared through modern biotechnology
pharmacology
pharmacodynamics
pharmacodynamics
Study the effects of drugs on the body and their patterns of action
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacokinetics
Study the changes and patterns of drugs under the influence of the body
pharmacotherapeutics
A science that studies the theories and methods of drug prevention and treatment of diseases
Effects of drugs on the body
Effects and types of drugs
Basic function
hormesis
inhibitory effect
can be converted into each other under certain conditions
Type of action
①Local effect and ②Absorption (systemic effect)
①The effect of a drug at the site of administration before it is absorbed into the bloodstream
②The effect produced by the drug entering the blood from the site of administration and then being distributed to the corresponding tissues and organs of the body
③Direct action and ④Indirect effect
③The drug directly acts on the tissues and organs where it is distributed
④Cause reactions in other organs on the arriving organ
⑤Selection function and ⑥Universal cellular effects
⑤Differences in the effects of drugs on body tissues and organs
⑥Produces similar effects on multiple tissues or organs at the therapeutic dose
The dual nature of drug action
Prevention and treatment effect
preventive effect
Refers to taking medicine in advance to prevent the occurrence of disease
Therapeutic effect
Treat the cause (treat the root cause)
The purpose of medication is to eliminate the primary pathogenic factors and completely cure the disease.
Symptomatic treatment (treating the symptoms)
The purpose of medication is to improve disease symptoms or relieve patient pain
Complementary (alternative) treatments
Adverse reactions
Type A adverse drug reactions
side effect
Refers to the unrelated effects of a drug that occur at therapeutic doses
Features
predictability
variability
Controllability
toxic reactions
Drug overdose is very harmful; carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and mutagenesis are special toxic reactions (the dose may not be large, but the harm is great)
carryover effect
When the concentration is lower than the blood concentration, it still exhibits pharmacological effects (dizziness the next morning after taking sedative-hypnotic drugs, etc.)
secondary reaction
Similar problems arise during treatment (bacterial infections are treated with long-term broad-spectrum antibiotics for fungal infections)
withdrawal reaction
It refers to the aggravation of the original disease after taking a certain drug for a long time and suddenly stopping the drug. (Including rebound phenomena and withdrawal symptoms)
Tolerance
The efficacy of long-term medication is reduced, and the dose needs to be increased to achieve the previous efficacy.
dependency
addiction
related to dose High incidence but low mortality
Type B adverse drug reactions
Allergy (anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reaction)
It has nothing to do with the dosage, but is related to the purity of the drug and the body's reaction. The harm may be small or large.
hypersensitivity
It means that a small number of people are particularly sensitive to drugs, and a smaller dose can produce a strong effect.
idiosyncratic reaction
Refers to a special drug reaction that a small number of patients with congenital genetic abnormalities have to certain drugs.
Three reactions
Teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic
Regardless of dose Mainly related to the patient’s genetic factors and immune mechanism Low incidence but high mortality
Mechanism of drug action
Receptor mechanism of action
receptor agonists
Affinity: Strong
Intrinsic activity: strong
receptor blockers
Affinity: Strong
Intrinsic activity: none
partial blocking drugs
Affinity: Strong
Intrinsic activity: weak
Other mechanisms of action
Affect enzyme activity
Involves or interferes with cell metabolism
Affects the transport of physiological substances
Alters the synthesis, release and/or storage of active substances in the body
Change the physical and chemical properties of the internal environment