A method of killing microorganisms by heating with high-pressure saturated water vapor.

The most widely used

This method has high sterilization temperature, good sterilization effect, and can kill all microbial propagules and spores.

Usually 126℃, 15 minutes, 121℃, 30 minutes or 116℃, 40 minutes

Under normal pressure, use 100℃ circulating steam to heat and kill microorganisms

As an auxiliary sterilization method for heat-labile sterile products

100℃, boiling time is usually 30 to 60 minutes

The sterilization effect is poor and all spores are not guaranteed to be killed.

Place the object to be sterilized in water or circulating steam at 60 to 80°C and heat it for 1 hour. After killing the microbial propagules, place it at room temperature for 24 hours. When the spores develop into propagules, heat, sterilize and place it again for many times. , until all spores are killed.

Suitable for sterilization of materials and preparations that are not resistant to high temperatures and are heat-sensitive

Disadvantages: time-consuming and low sterilization efficiency

Direct flame sterilization method.

Suitable for sterilizing items and utensils made of refractory materials (such as metal and glass)

Not suitable for pharmaceutical sterilization

Refers to the method of using dry hot air to kill microorganisms or eliminate pyrogens.

It is suitable for sterilizing items that are resistant to high temperatures but are not suitable for sterilization by moist heat sterilization, such as glassware, metal containers, ceramic products, and greases that do not allow moisture to penetrate (such as oily ointment bases, injection oils, etc.)

Dry hot air sterilization usually uses 160~170℃ for more than 2 hours, 170~180℃ for more than 1 hour or 250℃ for more than 45 minutes (pyrogen can also be removed).

Commonly used radiation rays include γ rays produced by the decay of ∧66Co or ∧137Cs, electron beams produced by electron accelerators, and X-rays produced by X-ray devices.

It does not increase product temperature, has strong penetrating power, high sterilization efficiency and wide application range.

Suitable for sterilization of heat-sensitive materials and preparations, medical equipment, production auxiliary supplies, pharmaceutical packaging materials, etc.

The wavelength of ultraviolet rays used for sterilization is generally 200 to 300nm, of which 254nm has the strongest sterilization power.

It is mainly used for air sterilization in clean rooms and sterilization of object surfaces. It cannot be used for deep sterilization of ampoules of Chinese medicinal liquids and solid materials.

Suitable for sterilization of liquid and solid materials, and has drying effect on solid materials

0.1%～0.2% benzalkonium bromide solution

75% ethanol

2% coal phenol soap solution

1% povidone-iodine solution