MindMap Gallery Pharmacy Chapter 9 Injections
Editor-in-chief Fang Liang, 8th Edition of Human Health, Injections refer to raw materials or sterile preparations made with suitable excipients for injection into the body. They can be divided into injection liquids, sterile powders for injection, and concentrated solutions for injection.
Edited at 2024-02-03 16:47:20This mind map analyzes favorites and dark horses for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, hosted by the USA, Canada, and Mexico. With the expansion to 48 teams, the competitive landscape has shifted. The objective is to identify top contenders and surprise packages. Key performance indicators include prediction accuracy and user engagement. Favorites: A Clear Top Four Spain emerges as the consensus front-runner at +400 odds. They are reigning European champions, powered by Lamine Yamal and Ballon d‘Or winner Rodri. France follows at +600, possessing the deepest talent pool led by Kylian Mbappé. They have reached the previous two finals. England ranks third at +550, qualifying with a perfect record: eight wins, zero goals conceded. New manager Thomas Tuchel has instilled defensive solidity. Argentina, the defending champions, sits fourth at +800. Lionel Messi, now 39, leads what is likely his final World Cup. Dark Horses: Potential Surprises Ecuador is a compelling dark horse on a 17-match unbeaten streak, keeping 13 clean sheets. Their counter-attacking style, anchored by Moisés Caicedo, suits knockout football. Japan has defeated Germany, Spain, and Brazil since 2022. Their well-drilled pressing system could surpass their previous Round of 16 ceiling. Norway qualifies for their first World Cup since 1998. Erling Haaland makes them a threat against any opponent. Colombia, led by Luis Díaz, sits at the intersection of dark horse and fringe favorite. Host nations USA (+5000) and Mexico (+6500) have home-soil advantage but face long odds. Conclusion Spain enters as the team to beat, but France, England, and Argentina remain contenders. Among dark horses, Ecuador‘s defensive solidity, Japan’s tactical discipline, and Norway‘s offensive firepower make them most likely to exceed expectations. This mind map is created with EdrawMax and EdrawMind, serving as an essential guide for analysts and fans.
Discover the transformative power of AI in our community with this engaging introduction! In this discussion, we will explore three main topics the definition and fundamentals of AI, its applications across various industries, and the ethical considerations surrounding its use. Firstly, we will delve into what AI(This content is AI-generated. It is for reference only)
장가계 5일 4박 심층 여행 가이드 템플릿 — EdrawMind로 제작된 한국인 맞춤형 여행 계획 마인드맵으로, 중국 장가계 여행을 체계적으로 준비하고 실행할 수 있도록 돕는 전문 시각화 도구입니다. 이 템플릿은 여행의 전 과정을 아우르는 5대 핵심 모듈(출발 전 준비사항·추천 체험·실용 팁·유의사항·일차별 세부 일정)으로 구성되어 있으며, 각 단계별로 필수 정보를 한눈에 파악할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다. 출발 전 준비사항에서는 한국 여권 소지자의 비자 규정(15일 체류 무비자), 최적 여행 시기(4~10월, 특히 4월과 10월 추천), 현지 교통 안내(장가계 화이국제공항에서 직통 버스 3시간 소요), 필수 준비물(등산화·우산·보조배터리·위장막 등)까지 실용적인 정보를 제공합니다. 추천 체험에서는 부모님과 함께하는 효도 여행·한국 드라마 촬영지 탐방·고봉에서의 평지 방문·우황채에서의 짚라인 체험 등 장가계만의 특별한 활동을 제안하며, 전통문화 체험으로 무투자 문화촌의 공연과 송품 체험을 소개합니다. 실용 팁에서는 주요 관광지 내 한국어 안내 서비스 운영, 현지 음식점의 한국어 메뉴 지원, 무료 셔틀버스 이용 안내, 예산 계획(1인당 2000~3000위안)까지 한국인 여행객의 편의를 고려한 정보를 담고 있습니다. 유의사항에서는 환율 기준(2026년 4월 기준 1위안≈216.56원), 환전 팁, 명함 관광 피하기 등 안전하고 즐거운 여행을 위한 주의사항을 정리했습니다. 일차별 세부 일정은 1일차 도착과 시내 관광부터 5일차 문화 체험과 귀국까지 단계별로 구성되어 있습니다. 1일차는 공항 도착 후 호텔 체크인과 시내 맛집 탐방, 2일차는 장가계 국가삼림공원 산악 코스, 3일차는 산하·채곡 코스, 4일차는 텐먼산 국가삼림공원 관광, 5일차는 무투성 방문과 기념품 구매로 이어지며, 각 일차별로 이동 수단·숙박·식사·관광지의 세부 정보(요금·이동 시간·추천 활동)를 구체적으로 제시하여 여행의 혼란을 줄여줍니다. EdrawMind의 강력한 마인드맵 기능을 활용해 사용자는 자신의 여행 스타일에 맞춰 일정・예산・테마를 자유롭게 수정할 수 있으며, 한국어로 작성된 템플릿이라 편리하게 사용할 수 있습니다. 여행 계획 발표・동반자와의 일정 공유・개인 여행 기록 등 다양한场景에서 활용 가능하며, 전문적이고 체계적인 여행 계획을 쉽게 완성할 수 있도록 지원합니다.
This mind map analyzes favorites and dark horses for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, hosted by the USA, Canada, and Mexico. With the expansion to 48 teams, the competitive landscape has shifted. The objective is to identify top contenders and surprise packages. Key performance indicators include prediction accuracy and user engagement. Favorites: A Clear Top Four Spain emerges as the consensus front-runner at +400 odds. They are reigning European champions, powered by Lamine Yamal and Ballon d‘Or winner Rodri. France follows at +600, possessing the deepest talent pool led by Kylian Mbappé. They have reached the previous two finals. England ranks third at +550, qualifying with a perfect record: eight wins, zero goals conceded. New manager Thomas Tuchel has instilled defensive solidity. Argentina, the defending champions, sits fourth at +800. Lionel Messi, now 39, leads what is likely his final World Cup. Dark Horses: Potential Surprises Ecuador is a compelling dark horse on a 17-match unbeaten streak, keeping 13 clean sheets. Their counter-attacking style, anchored by Moisés Caicedo, suits knockout football. Japan has defeated Germany, Spain, and Brazil since 2022. Their well-drilled pressing system could surpass their previous Round of 16 ceiling. Norway qualifies for their first World Cup since 1998. Erling Haaland makes them a threat against any opponent. Colombia, led by Luis Díaz, sits at the intersection of dark horse and fringe favorite. Host nations USA (+5000) and Mexico (+6500) have home-soil advantage but face long odds. Conclusion Spain enters as the team to beat, but France, England, and Argentina remain contenders. Among dark horses, Ecuador‘s defensive solidity, Japan’s tactical discipline, and Norway‘s offensive firepower make them most likely to exceed expectations. This mind map is created with EdrawMax and EdrawMind, serving as an essential guide for analysts and fans.
Discover the transformative power of AI in our community with this engaging introduction! In this discussion, we will explore three main topics the definition and fundamentals of AI, its applications across various industries, and the ethical considerations surrounding its use. Firstly, we will delve into what AI(This content is AI-generated. It is for reference only)
장가계 5일 4박 심층 여행 가이드 템플릿 — EdrawMind로 제작된 한국인 맞춤형 여행 계획 마인드맵으로, 중국 장가계 여행을 체계적으로 준비하고 실행할 수 있도록 돕는 전문 시각화 도구입니다. 이 템플릿은 여행의 전 과정을 아우르는 5대 핵심 모듈(출발 전 준비사항·추천 체험·실용 팁·유의사항·일차별 세부 일정)으로 구성되어 있으며, 각 단계별로 필수 정보를 한눈에 파악할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다. 출발 전 준비사항에서는 한국 여권 소지자의 비자 규정(15일 체류 무비자), 최적 여행 시기(4~10월, 특히 4월과 10월 추천), 현지 교통 안내(장가계 화이국제공항에서 직통 버스 3시간 소요), 필수 준비물(등산화·우산·보조배터리·위장막 등)까지 실용적인 정보를 제공합니다. 추천 체험에서는 부모님과 함께하는 효도 여행·한국 드라마 촬영지 탐방·고봉에서의 평지 방문·우황채에서의 짚라인 체험 등 장가계만의 특별한 활동을 제안하며, 전통문화 체험으로 무투자 문화촌의 공연과 송품 체험을 소개합니다. 실용 팁에서는 주요 관광지 내 한국어 안내 서비스 운영, 현지 음식점의 한국어 메뉴 지원, 무료 셔틀버스 이용 안내, 예산 계획(1인당 2000~3000위안)까지 한국인 여행객의 편의를 고려한 정보를 담고 있습니다. 유의사항에서는 환율 기준(2026년 4월 기준 1위안≈216.56원), 환전 팁, 명함 관광 피하기 등 안전하고 즐거운 여행을 위한 주의사항을 정리했습니다. 일차별 세부 일정은 1일차 도착과 시내 관광부터 5일차 문화 체험과 귀국까지 단계별로 구성되어 있습니다. 1일차는 공항 도착 후 호텔 체크인과 시내 맛집 탐방, 2일차는 장가계 국가삼림공원 산악 코스, 3일차는 산하·채곡 코스, 4일차는 텐먼산 국가삼림공원 관광, 5일차는 무투성 방문과 기념품 구매로 이어지며, 각 일차별로 이동 수단·숙박·식사·관광지의 세부 정보(요금·이동 시간·추천 활동)를 구체적으로 제시하여 여행의 혼란을 줄여줍니다. EdrawMind의 강력한 마인드맵 기능을 활용해 사용자는 자신의 여행 스타일에 맞춰 일정・예산・테마를 자유롭게 수정할 수 있으며, 한국어로 작성된 템플릿이라 편리하게 사용할 수 있습니다. 여행 계획 발표・동반자와의 일정 공유・개인 여행 기록 등 다양한场景에서 활용 가능하며, 전문적이고 체계적인 여행 계획을 쉽게 완성할 수 있도록 지원합니다.
Chapter 9 Injections
I. Overview
1. Concept and classification of injections
(1) Concept - Injections refer to raw materials or sterile preparations made with appropriate excipients for injection into the body. They can be divided into injection liquids, sterile powders for injection and concentrated solutions for injection, etc.
(2) Classification of injections
1.Injection
solution injection
Drugs that are easily soluble and stable in water, or drugs that are soluble in oily solvents for injection are suitable for preparation into solution injections
Emulsion type injection
Dissolve water-insoluble drugs in oily solvents and then disperse them in the aqueous phase to prepare emulsion-type injections.
Suspension injection
Drugs that are poorly soluble in water or require prolonged efficacy after injection can be made into water or oil suspensions
2. Sterile powder for injection
I. Overview
Concept: Sterile powder for injection, commonly known as powder injection, refers to a sterile powder or sterile block made from raw materials or sterile solutions prepared with appropriate excipients for injection into injections.
2. Classification
1. Sterile packaging products for injection
2. Freeze-dried products for injection
3. Concentrated solution for injection
2. Route of administration of injections
1) Common administration routes for injections
(1) Intravenous injection
Intravenous injection (injection volume is generally 5-50ml)
Intravenous drip (also called large infusion)
Most of them are aqueous solutions; oil solutions and suspensions/emulsions can easily cause capillary embolism and are generally not suitable for intravenous injection. However, particulate dispersion systems such as emulsions, nanoparticles, and liposomes with particle sizes <1um can also be used for intravenous injection.
(2) Intramuscular injection
The injection dose is generally 1-5ml
Aqueous solutions, oil solutions, suspensions and emulsions are available for intramuscular injection
(3) Subcutaneous injection
The general dosage is 1-2ml;
Mainly aqueous solution
(4) Intradermal injection
Commonly used for allergy testing or disease diagnosis such as: penicillin skin test, diphtheria diagnostic toxin, etc.
(5) Intraspinal injection
(6) Intra-arterial injection
(7) Others (intra-articular injection, intracardiac injection, acupoint injection, intrasynovial cavity injection, etc.)
2) Injection administration route and drug absorption speed and degree
Intravenous injection, bioavailability = 100%; other injection routes, bioavailability ≤ 100%
Factors affecting drug absorption: rheological properties of injections, drug concentration, drug particle size, properties of the solvent, osmotic pressure and injection volume
3. Characteristics of injections
Features
1. Rapid efficacy, accurate dosage, and reliable action
2. Suitable for drugs that are not suitable for oral administration
3. Suitable for patients who cannot take oral medication
4. It has the function of localized drug delivery
5. Can produce long-lasting effects
insufficient
1. Poor compliance
2. High production cost
3. Strict quality requirements
4. Quality requirements for injections
1. Sterile and pyrogen-free, with visible foreign matter and insoluble particles meeting the requirements;
2. PH (generally controlled within the range of 4-9), filling volume, osmotic pressure (large-volume injection) (osmotic pressure is equal to or close to plasma osmotic pressure) and drug content should meet the requirements.
3. Stable and effective during the storage period
2. Prescription composition of injections
(1) API
(2) Solvent
1. Water for injection
2.Non-aqueous solvent
1. Oil for injection
For poorly soluble drugs, injection oil can be used as the solvent
Common injection oils mainly include soybean oil, sesame oil, tea oil and other vegetable oils;
Important indicators for evaluating the quality of injection oil - iodine value, saponification value, acid value
2.Ethanol
Solvent polarity can be adjusted to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs
If the ethanol concentration exceeds 10%, injection administration may cause hemolysis or pain.
3. Propylene glycol
4.Polyethylene glycol
5.Glycerin
6.Dimethylacetamide
(3) Additives
3. Preparation of injections
1. Preparation process
2.Water treatment
3. Containers and handling
4. Preparation of medicinal solution
5. Filtration and potting
6. Sterilization and leak detection
7. Printing or labeling and packaging
6. Injection sterility process verification
1. Sterility assurance process for injections
(1) Classification of sterility assurance processes for injections
Classification
Aseptic production process
terminal sterilization process
The "sterility assurance level" (SAL) is the probability that microorganisms will remain after the product has been sterilized (sterilized). SAL is an important indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of sterilization (sterile) processes.
(2) Selection of injection sterilization process
(3) Technical requirements for sterility assurance processes
2. Sterilization (sterile) production process verification
(1) Sterilization process verification of terminal sterilized sterile drugs
1. No-load heat distribution test
2. Full load heat distribution test
3. Thermal penetration test
4. Microbial challenge test
5. Result evaluation
(2) Sterilization process verification of non-terminal sterilized sterile drugs
1. Verification of sterilization filtration system
2. Medium simulation filling verification
3. Container sealing verification
5. Large volume injection
I. Overview
(1) Definition
Large-volume injection (LVI), also known as infusion, is an injection injected into the body through intravenous drip. Generally, the infusion volume is ≥100ml; biological products are ≥50ml.
(2) Features
1.Quality requirements
The pH strives to be close to body fluids, and the osmotic pressure is as isotonic as possible with blood;
2.Dose
The infusion dose is more than 100ml
3. Type and route of administration
Aqueous injection
intravenous drip
4. Hemodynamics
General injections do not require or have hemodynamic properties
5. Prescription requirements
No bacteriostatic agents, solubilizers, analgesics or other additives may be added to the infusion.
6. Preparation process requirements
From configuration to sterilization should be completed within 4 hours
(3) Classification
1. Infusion for body fluid balance
electrolyte infusion
Function: It is used to replenish water and electrolytes in the body, correct water and electrolyte metabolism disorders in patients, maintain body fluid osmotic pressure and restore normal physiological functions of the human body.
acid-base balance infusion
Function: Mainly used to correct the acid-base balance of body fluids
Sodium bicarbonate injection is the most commonly used infusion to correct metabolic acidosis.
2. Nutritional infusion
Function: Used to provide nutrients such as sugar, fat, amino acids, trace elements, and vitamins. It is mainly used for patients who cannot absorb nutrients orally.
3. Colloidal infusion (instead of plasma for blood volume expansion)
Function: Used to regulate osmotic pressure in the body.
4. Medicinal infusion
5. Dialysis infusion
For patients requiring blood purification treatment.
(4) Quality requirements
2. Preparation
(1) Preparation process
Preparation of raw materials and auxiliary materials
Concentrated blend of raw and auxiliary ingredients
Dilution of raw materials and auxiliary materials
Packaging material handling
potting
Sterilize
Light inspection
Package
(2) Production environment requirements
(3) Quality requirements for raw and auxiliary materials
(4) Containers and processing methods
1. Glass bottle
Pickling method
Potassium dichromate sulfate cleaning solution
Alkaline cleaning method
2% sodium hydroxide solution (50-60°)
1%-3% sodium carbonate solution can also be used
Direct water washing method
2. Plastic packaging
plastic bottle
Semi-open infusion packaging form
plastic soft bag
Completely closed infusion system formed
3. Rubber stopper
(5) Preparation of infusion
Dilute method
It is suitable for use when the quality of the raw materials is good, the concentration of the liquid medicine is not high, and the volume of liquid preparation is not too large.
Concentrated preparation method
(6) Filtration of infusion
(7) Potting of infusion
(8) Sterilization of infusion fluids
Overkill method is preferred, that is, standard sterilization time ≥12; sterilization parameter is 121° 15min
Secondly, the residual probability method is used, that is, the standard sterilization time is ≥ 8, and the sterilization parameter is 115° 30min or 121° 8min;
For sterilization of plastic infusion bags, 109° 45min can be used
(9) Packaging of infusion
3. Quality evaluation
(1) Inspection of visible foreign matter and insoluble particles
(2) Pyrogen, endotoxin and sterility inspection
(3) Content, PH and osmotic pressure inspection
4. Common problems and solutions
(1) Insoluble particles and visible foreign matter
1. Caused by production environment and process operations
2. Caused by infusion containers and accessories
3. Brought in by raw materials and additives
(2) Bacterial contamination problem
(3) Heat source reaction
1. Definition and composition of pyrogen
Pyrogen: refers to the general term for heating substances that can cause an abnormal increase in body temperature of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is an endotoxin produced by bacteria and other microorganisms. Pyrogens produced by Gram-negative bacilli and fungi have the greatest heat-generating ability. powerful.
Lipopolysaccharide is the major component of endotoxins
2. Properties of pyrogen
1. Heat resistance
2. Filterability
3. Adsorption
4. Water solubility
5. Non-volatile
6. Others (can be destroyed by strong acids, strong bases and strong oxidants)
3. Pathways of pyrogen pollution
(1) Water for injection
Main causes of pyrogens in injections
(2) Raw and auxiliary materials
(3) Production process
(4) Containers, utensils, pipes and devices
(5) Infusion equipment
4. Methods to remove pyrogen
(1) High temperature method
(2) Acid-base method
(3) Adsorption method
(4) Distillation method
(5) Gel filtration method
(6) Reverse osmosis method
(7) Ultrafiltration method
(8) Other methods
4. Quality control of injections
1. Sterility
Concept: Injectable solutions do not contain any living microorganisms.
Sterility testing methods include (membrane filtration method, direct inoculation method)
2. Pyrogens and bacterial endotoxins
Pyrogen test method
bacterial endotoxin test
gel method
photometry
3. Visible foreign matter
Light inspection method (commonly used)
light scattering
4. Insoluble particles
5. Loading quantity inspection
6. Difference in loading volume
7. Osmolarity
8.PH
Others: color, content, antihypertensive substances, related substances, safety