MindMap Gallery central nervous system 2
This is a mind map about the central nervous system 2. The main contents include: 6. Brain metastasis, 5. Craniopharyngioma, 4. Acoustic neuroma, 3. Pituitary tumor, 2. Meningioma, 1. Star shape Cytoma.
Edited at 2024-04-09 17:37:23This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
This is a mind map about Deep Analysis of Character Relationships in Zootopia 2, Main content: 1、 Multi-layer network of relationships: interweaving of main lines, branch lines, and hidden interactions, 2、 Motivation for Character Behavior: Active Promoter and Hidden Intendant, 3、 Key points of interaction: logic of conflict, collaboration, and covert support, 4、 Fun Easter eggs: metaphorical details hidden in interactions.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
This is a mind map about Deep Analysis of Character Relationships in Zootopia 2, Main content: 1、 Multi-layer network of relationships: interweaving of main lines, branch lines, and hidden interactions, 2、 Motivation for Character Behavior: Active Promoter and Hidden Intendant, 3、 Key points of interaction: logic of conflict, collaboration, and covert support, 4、 Fun Easter eggs: metaphorical details hidden in interactions.
central nervous system 2
1. Astrocytoma
Grading
Grade I: Pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Grade II: diffuse astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Grade III: anaplastic astrocytoma
CT plain scan
Low or low or mixed density lesions with unclear borders
Cystic changes may occur, but necrosis and hemorrhage are rare, and calcification is mostly absent
There is moderate edema and space-occupying symptoms around the lesion
CT enhancement: patchy or irregular enhancement
MRI plain scan: T1WI shows low or low or mixed signal, T2WI shows heterogeneous high signal, unclear boundary, and there may be edema and space-occupying symptoms around the lesion.
MRI enhancement: irregular enhancement
Grade IV: Glioblastoma
25%-30% of astrocyte tumors
Usually occurs in children and adults aged 20-30 years
Often located in the medulla, may also involve the cortex
Pathology: Tumor has focal or diffuse infiltration, no necrosis or neovascularization, edema is rare, and 15%-20% has calcification.
Imaging manifestations
CT
The low-density lesions in the medulla of the cerebral hemispheres have clear boundaries with the brain matter, and the edema and space-occupying symptoms are not obvious. No obvious enhancement
MRI
There are well-defined lesions in the medulla, which are iso- or hypointense on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI. No obvious enhancement
2. Meningioma
pathology
origin
Arachnoid cap cells mostly live outside the brain and adhere to the dura mater.
Predisposed areas
Parasagittal sinus, cerebral convexity, sphenoid crest, olfactory groove, cerebellopontine angle, falx cerebri or tentorium, etc., a few are located in the ventricles
blood supply
The capsule is intact, the meningeal artery supplies blood, and the blood supply is rich. There is often calcification, and a few have hemorrhage, necrosis, and cystic degeneration.
Imaging manifestations
CT
plain sweep
The mass is of equal or slightly high density, round in shape, with clear borders, and spotty calcifications are common within it.
Mostly connected to the dura mater by broad base
Peritumoral edema is mild or absent, and moderate or severe edema may occur when veins or sinuses are compressed.
Involvement of the skull plate causes local bone hyperplasia or destruction
Enhanced examination shows that most lesions are homogeneously and significantly enhanced.
MRI
Ordinary MRI
It is iso- or slightly hyperintense on T1 and iso- or hyperintense on T2.
Enhanced MRI
Grade I meningiomas show uniform and obvious enhancement, while atypical and anaplastic meningiomas show patchy heterogeneous enhancement and invade normal brain tissue.
Thickening and enhancement of the adjacent meninges is called the "meningeal tail sign"
3. Pituitary tumor
functional adenoma
Prolactin, growth hormone, sex hormone, and adrenocorticotroph adenomas.
Non-functional adenomas (divided according to whether they secrete hormones)
Microadenomas: diameter <10mm; macroadenomas: diameter >10mm; macroadenomas: diameter >40mm
Videography
CT
Pituitary microadenoma:
Enhanced examination is required: enhance low, equal or slightly high density nodules in the pituitary
Indirect signs: pituitary gland height greater than or equal to 8 mm, protrusion of the superior edge of the pituitary gland, deviation of the pituitary stalk, and subsidence of the sellar floor
Pituitary macroadenoma
Plain scan: The most common enlargement of the sella turcica, the mass is of equal or slightly high density, and there are often low-density lesions in the sella turcica. Bone changes in the sella turcica are also common, including destruction of the sellar floor, dorsum sellae and tuberculum sellae, and can move towards the sphenoid sinus. grow
The intrasellar mass protrudes upward into the suprasellar cistern, invades the cavernous sinus, and compresses the optic chiasm, the anterior part of the third ventricle, and the Monteggia foramen area.
MRI
Pituitary microadenoma
MRI shows better than CT. Ordinary MRI can show small abnormal signal foci in the pituitary. Early enhancement shows clear-demarcated low signal.
Pituitary macroadenoma
Slightly low signal on T1, iso- or high-intensity on T2, and enhanced examination shows obvious uniform or uneven enhancement.
4. Acoustic neuroma
pathology
Originates from the nerve sheath of the vestibular branch of the auditory nerve
It starts early and is located in the internal auditory canal. As the tumor grows, it grows toward the cerebellopontine angle cistern.
The capsule is intact, but there is often bleeding, necrosis, and cystic degeneration; it is mostly unilateral, and occasionally involves both sides.
Imaging manifestations
CT
Equal, low or mixed density mass in the cerebellopontine angle cistern, calcification, cystic degeneration or hemorrhage can be seen in the cerebellopontine angle cistern, and mild to moderate edema around the tumor
Tumor enlargement can compress the brainstem and cerebellum, resulting in compression and displacement of the fourth ventricle, accompanied by supratentorial hydrocephalus.
Enhanced examination: the mass shows uniform, uneven or ring-shaped enhancement
5. Craniopharyngioma
pathology
Origin: benign tumor originating from residual cells in the embryonic craniopharynx
Tumors are mostly located in the sella and can be divided into solid and cystic. Cystic tumors are more common and there are often calcifications in the cyst wall and solid parts.
The main clinical manifestations are growth and development disorders, vision changes and hypopituitarism.
Videography
CT
Plain scan: Round-like mass in the suprasellar cistern, cystic-solid lesions with mainly uneven density; common high-density shell-like calcification of the cyst wall and irregular calcification of the solid part; compression of the optic chiasm and the front of the third ventricle Hydrocephalus may occur.
Enhanced examination: The cystic wall and solid part of the mass are ring-shaped and uniformly or unevenly enhanced respectively.
6. Brain metastases
pathology
Mostly come from primary tumors such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, and choriocarcinoma, etc., and metastasize through the blood.
Commonly found in the parieto-occipital region, also found in the cerebellum and brainstem
Often multiple, prone to bleeding, necrosis, and cystic degeneration; peritumoral edema is obvious
Videography
CT
plain sweep
Multiple or single nodules in the brain, and single nodules can be larger; often located in the corticomedullary junction area;
They are iso- or low-density lesions, with necrotic cystic changes in the center, and the density increases during bleeding; the peritumoral edema is severe, with the characteristics of "small lesions, large edema".
Enhanced checking
The lesions show nodular or ring-shaped enhancement, and those with multiple lesions may enhance in different forms.
MRI
General inspection
T1 low signal, T2 high signal, intratumoral hemorrhage are all high signal
Enhance T1
Performance is the same as enhanced CT