materialism

idealism

agnosticism and agnosticism

Basics of natural science

direct theoretical source

Basic Features

historical changes

Theoretical basis

direct theoretical source

(Mage's) Movement and Proof

direct theoretical source

core and top

relationship between matter and motion

relationship between motion and rest

Time: one dimension

Space: three dimensions

The inherent, essential, inevitable and stable connection in the movement of things

fundamental characteristics

Can be divided into natural laws and social laws

Laws can be recognized, utilized, and respected, but cannot be created, changed, or eliminated.

e.g. work hard

1||| Respecting objective laws is the premise and basis for giving full play to people's subjective initiative

2||| Understand objective laws (practice) → Respect objective laws → Give full play to people’s subjective initiative and use laws → Transform the world

3||| Respecting objective laws and giving full play to people's subjective initiative are complementary and dialectically unified.

Consciousness is the function of the human brain, and the human brain is the material organ of consciousness.

Indirect transformation √ Direct transformation ×

eg. high-spirited → forge ahead, dispirited → retreat

objectivity

universality

conditionality

Diversity

the difference

connect

methodology

The point of view of connection is a basic point of view of materialist dialectics. It requires that we must grasp things, understand problems and deal with problems from the real connection of objective things themselves.

Development is forward, upward movement

The birth of new things and the death of old things

Development is an upward and forward movement, change is not necessarily an upward and forward movement

Persist in looking at problems from a development perspective

1||| Quantitative change is the necessary prerequisite/basis/preparation for qualitative change, and qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change.

2||| There is some qualitative change in the total quantitative change

3||| The development of things always proceeds from quantitative changes to qualitative changes, and then starts new quantitative changes and new qualitative changes on the basis of new qualities. This cycle goes back and forth, alternating with each other, and even endlessly.

Degree: grasp the appropriateness

Pay attention to the accumulation of quantity (good) and create conditions to promote things to transform in a good direction

Prevent the slightest change (bad)

Adhere to the principle of moderation

It is negation that includes affirmation (all affirmation/negation → metaphysics), it is the self-negation of things, and it is both a link of development and a link of connection.

The essence of dialectical negation is - sublation, both inheritance and development, both overcoming and retaining

The development of anything must go through "two negations" and "three stages": affirmation → negation stage → negation of negation stage

The general trend of development of things is forward and upward The path of development of things is tortuous

Oppose the negative view of metaphysics that affirms everything and denies everything

Adopt a scientific analysis attitude towards everything

Grasp the general trend of development of things and correctly treat progress and twists and turns

Meaning: The unity of opposites is a contradiction

basic properties of contradiction

Dialectical relationship between internal and external factors

The universality and particularity of contradictions

Unbalanced development of contradictions

There is no causal relationship between any successive phenomena, there must be a relationship between causing and being caused.

Accident affects the development of things, accelerating/delaying the development of things

eg. The state system (people’s democratic dictatorship) determines the government system (people’s congress system)

Phenomenon is individual, one-sided, changeable and perishable

Social and objective material activities in which human beings purposefully and actively transform and explore the objective world.

objective materiality

Subjective initiative: practical activities are purposeful and conscious

Social Historicity: Practice is the way people and society exist

Direct reality: turning ideas into reality

Material production practice (the most basic), practice of adjusting social relations (social practice), spiritual and cultural creation practice (scientific experiment)

Cognition is the active reflection of the subject on the object based on practice

Practice→Understand VS Understand→Practice

Fallacy: an incorrect response to…

Objectivity (fundamental attribute) There is only one truth

Specificity (conditional)

Absoluteness

relativity

relation

The first time: perceptual understanding and rational understanding

The second time: Reason recognizes practice

Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, and perceptual knowledge is the starting point of cognitive activities

Practice is the only source of knowledge

Practice is the driving force for cognitive development

Practice is the purpose and destination of understanding

Practice is the only criterion for testing whether understanding is correct or not

Correct understanding plays a role in promoting Wrong understanding hinders

From practice to understanding, from understanding to practice, practice, understanding, practice again, understanding again, the movement of understanding continues to repeat and develop infinitely

Uphold and develop truth in practice

Believes that social existence determines social consciousness

Believes that social consciousness determines social existence

geographical environment

Demographic factors

constitute the natural material basis for social existence and development

Mode of production (decisive): productivity, production relations

appears in

Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness has a counterproductive effect on social existence (correct promotion, incorrect hindrance)

Substantive factors: workers (the most active leading factor), labor materials (intermediaries, production tools), labor objects

Intelligence/permeability factors: science and technology, scientific management, education

①Ownership relations of production means ②People’s status and mutual relations in the production process ③Distribution relations of products

political superstructure

ideological superstructure

Relations of production

superstructure

Reflected in

Have natural attributes and social attributes (distinguish between humans and animals)

Primitive society-slave society-feudal society-capitalist society-communist society

Natural economy-commodity economy-product economy