MindMap Gallery PMP-7 Cost Management
This mind map is for Xisai PMP, Chapter 7 - Cost Management - Summary of knowledge points, At the same time, there are PMP test questions with relevant knowledge points. From knowledge points to corresponding test questions, you can deepen your understanding of knowledge points!
Edited at 2023-04-07 17:40:42This is a panoramic infographic—currently sweeping across the web—illustrating the comprehensive applications of OpenClaw, a popular open-source AI agent platform. It systematically introduces this intelligent agent framework—affectionately dubbed "Lobster Farming"—helping readers quickly grasp its core value, technical features, application scenarios, and security protocols. It serves as an excellent introductory guide and practical manual.
這是一張最近風靡全網關於熱門開源AI代理平台OpenClaw的全網應用全景圖解。它系統性地介紹了這款被稱為「養龍蝦」的智慧體框架,幫助讀者快速理解其核心價值、技術特性、應用場景及安全規範,是一份極佳的入門指南與實操手冊。此圖主要針對希望利用AI建構自動化工作流程的技術從業人員、中小企業主及效率追求者,透過9大模組層層遞進,全面剖析了OpenClaw從概念到落地的整個過程。 圖中核心內容首先釐清了「養龍蝦」指涉的是OpenClawd開源智能體,並強調其本質是「AI基建」而非一般聊天機器人。隨後詳細比較其與傳統AI助理的區別,擁有記憶管理、權限控制、會話隔離和異常恢復四大基礎能力,支援跨平台存取和多模型相容(如GPT、Claude、Ollama)。同時,圖解提供了完整的部署方案(雲端/本地/Docker),並列舉了辦公室自動化、內容創作、資料收集等五大應用程式場景。此外,還展示了其火爆程度、政府與大廠佈局、安全部署建議及適合/不適合的人群分類。幫助你快速掌握OpenClaw技術架構與應用價值,指導個人或企業建構AI自動化系統,規避資料外洩與權限失控風險,是學習「執行式AI」轉型的權威參考圖譜。
本圖由萬興腦圖繪製,是針對IT研發崗位的結構化個人履歷模板,完整涵蓋求職核心資訊模組。基本資訊區包含姓名、電話、信箱、求職意願及GitHub連結;專業概要要求以2-3句提煉核心優勢;工作經驗以「公司A高級Java開發工程師」為例,以「透過(行動),達成(量化成果)」格式呈現微服務架構設計、系統效能優化、團隊技術規範制定等職責,公司B經歷則聚焦功能模組開發與Elasticsearch搜尋優化;技能專長分程式語言、後端框架、中介軟體、資料庫、容器雲等維度,清楚展示技術堆疊;專案成果以「電商平台秒殺系統」為例,說明技術棧、架構設計、個人貢獻(Redis Lua庫存原子扣減)及KPI;教育背景包含一流大學電腦專業學歷,以及AWS認證解決方案架構師、軟考中級軟體設計師證書。模板邏輯嚴謹,涵蓋IT研發求職全流程關鍵訊息,幫助求職者清晰、量化展示專業能力。
This is a panoramic infographic—currently sweeping across the web—illustrating the comprehensive applications of OpenClaw, a popular open-source AI agent platform. It systematically introduces this intelligent agent framework—affectionately dubbed "Lobster Farming"—helping readers quickly grasp its core value, technical features, application scenarios, and security protocols. It serves as an excellent introductory guide and practical manual.
這是一張最近風靡全網關於熱門開源AI代理平台OpenClaw的全網應用全景圖解。它系統性地介紹了這款被稱為「養龍蝦」的智慧體框架,幫助讀者快速理解其核心價值、技術特性、應用場景及安全規範,是一份極佳的入門指南與實操手冊。此圖主要針對希望利用AI建構自動化工作流程的技術從業人員、中小企業主及效率追求者,透過9大模組層層遞進,全面剖析了OpenClaw從概念到落地的整個過程。 圖中核心內容首先釐清了「養龍蝦」指涉的是OpenClawd開源智能體,並強調其本質是「AI基建」而非一般聊天機器人。隨後詳細比較其與傳統AI助理的區別,擁有記憶管理、權限控制、會話隔離和異常恢復四大基礎能力,支援跨平台存取和多模型相容(如GPT、Claude、Ollama)。同時,圖解提供了完整的部署方案(雲端/本地/Docker),並列舉了辦公室自動化、內容創作、資料收集等五大應用程式場景。此外,還展示了其火爆程度、政府與大廠佈局、安全部署建議及適合/不適合的人群分類。幫助你快速掌握OpenClaw技術架構與應用價值,指導個人或企業建構AI自動化系統,規避資料外洩與權限失控風險,是學習「執行式AI」轉型的權威參考圖譜。
本圖由萬興腦圖繪製,是針對IT研發崗位的結構化個人履歷模板,完整涵蓋求職核心資訊模組。基本資訊區包含姓名、電話、信箱、求職意願及GitHub連結;專業概要要求以2-3句提煉核心優勢;工作經驗以「公司A高級Java開發工程師」為例,以「透過(行動),達成(量化成果)」格式呈現微服務架構設計、系統效能優化、團隊技術規範制定等職責,公司B經歷則聚焦功能模組開發與Elasticsearch搜尋優化;技能專長分程式語言、後端框架、中介軟體、資料庫、容器雲等維度,清楚展示技術堆疊;專案成果以「電商平台秒殺系統」為例,說明技術棧、架構設計、個人貢獻(Redis Lua庫存原子扣減)及KPI;教育背景包含一流大學電腦專業學歷,以及AWS認證解決方案架構師、軟考中級軟體設計師證書。模板邏輯嚴謹,涵蓋IT研發求職全流程關鍵訊息,幫助求職者清晰、量化展示專業能力。
PMP-7 Cost Management
Concepts in cost management
Fixed costs and variable costs
1. Cost = fixed cost output × variable cost
2. Sales = sales volume × unit price
3. Profit = sales - cost
direct costs and indirect costs
1. Direct costs
definition
Can be tracked economically within a project, usually as the cost of resources dedicated to a project
Example
Raw materials, material fees, design fees, team member salaries
Control
project manager
2. Indirect costs
definition
Resources that cannot be tracked economically within a project and are usually the cost of resources shared between several projects or projects and functional businesses
Example
Senior staff salaries, organizational management fees, company rental space
Control
senior management
opportunity cost, marginal cost, sunk cost
1. Opportunity cost
Refers to the maximum value of giving up something else in order to obtain something
A:50W B:100W C:150W
2. Marginal cost
The increase in total cost brought by each unit of newly produced products (or purchased products)
Such as the cost of producing mobile phones
3. Sunk costs
Refers to expenses that occurred in the past but are irreversible and have nothing to do with the current decision.
Steps to cost management
planning cost management
1. definition
The process of determining how to estimate, budget, manage, monitor, and control project costs
2. effect
Provide guidance and direction on how to manage project costs throughout the project
3. process
4. cost management plan
Is the component of the project management plan that describes how project costs will be planned, scheduled, and controlled
Estimate cost
1. definition
The process of making an approximate estimate of the cost of resources required to complete project work.
2. effect
Determine the funding required for the project
Conducted regularly throughout the project as needed
3. process
4. Tools & Techniques
expert judgment
It refers to a reasonable judgment about current activities based on professional knowledge in an application field, knowledge field, discipline, industry, etc.
In the PMI system, experts refer to individuals or groups who have relevant professional knowledge or have received relevant training.
Such as other departments, consultants, stakeholders, technical associations, industry associations, subject matter experts, PMO
analogy estimation
Using information from previous similar projects to make estimates cannot reach the planning package level
three point estimate
Accounting for risk and uncertainty in estimates, inability to reach planning package level
Uncertainty
risk
parameter estimation
Using statistical relationships between historical data and other variables to estimate cannot achieve cost control at the planning package level.
Bottom-up estimation
If you need to control costs at the planning package level, you can use bottom-up estimating. Bottom-up estimating is the most specific and detailed estimate of the cost of a single work package or activity, and then summarizes or "rolls" these detailed costs upwards. "To higher levels, such as planning packages, bottom-up estimation requires the use of WBS
5. Level of Cost Estimate
6. output
Cost Estimate
include
Possible costs to complete the project work
Contingency reserves for identified risks
and a quantitative estimate of management reserves to deal with unplanned work
Cost estimates can be summarized or detailed
Cost estimates should cover all resources used on the project, including (but not limited to) direct labor, materials, equipment, services, and some special cost categories such as financing costs (including interest), inflation allowances, exchange rates, or cost contingency reserves . If indirect costs are also included in the project estimate, indirect costs can be charged at the activity level or higher.
Budgeting
1. definition
The process of summarizing the estimated costs of all individual activities or work packages to establish an approved cost baseline
2. effect
Establish a cost baseline against which project performance can be monitored and controlled
This process is performed only once or only at predefined points in the project
3. Compared
project budget
All funds approved for project execution
cost basis
Approved project budget allocated by time period, including contingency reserves but excluding management reserves
4. process
Control costs
1. definition
Monitor project status to update project costs and manage the process of cost baseline changes
The team has been assigned tasks and needs to add resources, but there is no budget. Therefore, to solve this problem, the project budget should be obtained first so that resources can be added.
2. effect
Maintain cost baselines throughout the project
This process needs to be carried out throughout the project
3. Budget increases can only be made with approval from the Implementation of Integrated Change Control process
The key to effective cost control is managing an approved cost baseline
4. process
5. Tools & Techniques
Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Earned Value Analysis
is a commonly used performance measurement method that can take many forms
It comprehensively considers project scope, cost and schedule indicators to help the project management team evaluate and measure project performance and progress
Planned Value (PV)
Planned Value
The budget allocated and approved for the scheduled work schedule of an activity or WBS component
Scheduled work progress budget
Earned Value (EV)
Earned Value
The value of work completed for a project activity or WBS component
value of work completed
Actual Cost (AC)
Actual Cost
The total costs actually incurred and recorded to complete the work of the activity or component of the WBS
actual total cost incurred
Schedule Variance
SV=EV-PV
Schedule Variance = Earned Value – Planned Value
Cost Variance
CV=EV-AC
Cost deviation = Earned value – Actual cost
Schedule Performance Index
SPI=EV/PV
Schedule Performance Index = Earned Value/Planned Value
Cost Performance Index
CPI=EV/AC
Cost performance index = earned value/actual cost
Deviation analysis
CPI=EV/AC=270/300=0.9, the cost performance index is less than 1, and the cost overrun is 10%, which is already a problem
trend analysis
Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Earned Value Analysis
is a commonly used performance measurement method that can take many forms
It comprehensively considers project scope, cost and schedule indicators to help the project management team evaluate and measure project performance and progress
Planned Value (PV)
Planned Value
The budget allocated and approved for the scheduled work schedule of an activity or WBS component
Scheduled work progress budget
Earned Value (EV)
Earned Value
The value of work completed for a project activity or WBS component
value of work completed
Actual Cost (AC)
Actual Cost
The total costs actually incurred and recorded to complete the work of the activity or component of the WBS
actual total cost incurred
Schedule Variance
SV=EV-PV
Schedule Variance = Earned Value – Planned Value
Cost Variance
CV=EV-AC
Cost deviation = Earned value – Actual cost
Schedule Performance Index
SPI=EV/PV
Schedule Performance Index = Earned Value/Planned Value
Cost Performance Index
CPI=EV/AC
Cost performance index = earned value/actual cost
1. BAC
completion budget
2. EAC
Completion Estimate
1. most accurate
EAC=AC bottom-up ETC
2. Assume it will be completed at budgeted unit price
EAC=AC (BAC-EV)
3. Assuming done at current CPI
EAC=BAC/CPI
3. ETC
Completion needs to be estimated
Reserve analysis
1. Reserve analysis
Targeting risks
contingency reserve
within benchmark
sometimes called progress reserve
Known-Unknown Risks
management reserve
Outside the benchmark
Reserve analysis is used to determine the contingency reserves and management reserves required for the project
When making duration estimates, consider contingency reserves (sometimes called "schedule reserves") to account for schedule uncertainty
1. A contingency reserve is a period of time included in the schedule baseline to address identified risks that have been accepted
2. Contingency reserves are related to "known-unknown" risks and need to be reasonably estimated to complete unknown workloads
3. The contingency reserve can be a certain percentage of the estimated activity duration or a fixed period of time, or the contingency reserve can be separated from each activity and aggregated
4. As project information becomes clearer, contingency reserves can be drawn upon, reduced, or eliminated. Contingency reserves should be clearly outlined in project progress documents.
2. Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Earned Value Analysis (EVA)
Earned Value Analysis
is a commonly used performance measurement method that can take many forms
It comprehensively considers project scope, cost and schedule indicators to help the project management team evaluate and measure project performance and progress
Planned Value (PV)
Planned Value
The budget allocated and approved for the scheduled work schedule of an activity or WBS component
Scheduled work progress budget
Earned Value (EV)
Earned Value
The value of work completed for a project activity or WBS component
value of work completed
Actual Cost (AC)
Actual Cost
The total costs actually incurred and recorded to complete the work of the activity or component of the WBS
actual total cost incurred
Schedule Variance
SV=EV-PV
Schedule Variance = Earned Value – Planned Value
Cost Variance
CV=EV-AC
Cost deviation = Earned value – Actual cost
Schedule Performance Index
SPI=EV/PV
Schedule Performance Index = Earned Value/Planned Value
Cost Performance Index
CPI=EV/AC
Cost performance index = earned value/actual cost
3. trend analysis
BAC
completion budget
EAC
Completion Estimate
most accurate
EAC=AC bottom-up ETC
Assume it will be completed at budgeted unit price
EAC=AC (BAC-EV)
Assuming done at current CPI
EAC=BAC/CPI
ETC
Completion needs to be estimated
4. TCPI=(BAC-EV)/(BAC-AC)
Performance index to completion = how much more needs to be done/how much money is left
Performance index to completion = (completion budget - earned value) / (completion budget - actual cost)