activate T cells b cells

Specific binding to utility substances

Induce immune response in corresponding lymphocytes

Lymphocyte values ​​bound to specific antigens

Spatial structure

cell recognition epitope

alien matter

own material

Chemical properties, proteins are larger than polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides are larger than nucleic acids, histones

The larger the molecular weight, the more epitopes and the more difficult it is to destroy

The more complex the molecular structure, the stronger the source

Conformational epitope accessibility

Physical properties, aggregated state is larger than granular antigen, larger than soluble protein

Moderate

too high too low

Subcutaneous is larger than muscle, larger than abdominal cavity, larger than vein, larger than oral

Significantly alter response intensity and type

humoral immune cell immunity

multiple epitopes

B cells, (T cells required)

There are mhc restrictions

activate b2 cells

IgM IgG IgA

Have immune memory

Humoral immunity

single epitope

repeat b cells

activate b1 cells

IgM

No immune memory

Identical antigens of different species

horse serum antitoxin

Different individuals of the same species

Caused by surgery or trauma

Drug physical and chemical changes in its own composition

Synthesis of neoantigens within APC

bacteria fungi

No strict antigen specificity

not restricted by mhc

Only very low concentrations are required

Self-non-immunogenic and does not elicit an immune response

Injected into the body beforehand or at the same time as the antigen

nonspecific enhanced response

Binds to receptors to promote lymphoblast transformation and mitosis