Placental factors such as placenta previa and premature placental contractions

Umbilical cord factors such as umbilical cord wrapping around the neck, knotting, twisting, and prolapse

maternal factors

acute fetal distress

chronic fetal distress

Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring: fetal heart rate >160 beats/min or <110 beats/min

Fetal biophysical score: ≤4 points indicates fetal hypoxia

Change body position: lying on your side. Reduce the frequency of uterine contractions, reduce intrauterine pressure, improve uteroplacental circulation, and increase fetal blood oxygen tension

Pregnant women inhaling oxygen

Condition observation

Assist with treatment

Care during delivery: If the cervix is ​​fully dilated and the presenting part of the fetus has reached 3cm below the ischial spine plane, the fetus should be delivered through vaginal delivery as soon as possible.

Vascular disease in pregnant women: gestational hypertension

Sudden decrease in intrauterine pressure: polyhydramnios, multiple pregnancy

mechanical factors

other factors

Overt peeling: The peeling surface is small and bleeding is mainly external.

Invisible dissection: no vaginal bleeding

Vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain accompanied by increased uterine tension and uterine tenderness, with placental detachment being the most obvious clinical manifestation

Correct shock and establish intravenous access

Terminate pregnancy promptly: Once diagnosed, terminate pregnancy promptly

Prevent postpartum hemorrhage: Apply oxytocin immediately after delivery of the fetus and massage the uterus to promote uterine contractions

Typical symptoms: No trigger, painless, recurrent vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy or during labor

Complete placenta previa: the first bleeding occurs early, usually around 28 weeks of pregnancy

B-ultrasound: the safest and most effective examination of choice

Treatment principles: suppress uterine contractions, correct anemia, prevent infection and terminate pregnancy in a timely manner

Observation of the condition: If there is heavy vaginal bleeding, the pregnancy needs to be terminated immediately. Quickly move to a supine position, inhale oxygen, establish intravenous access, infuse blood and fluids, monitor vital signs, and prepare for cesarean section while rescuing shock.

Prevention of infection: If you have vaginal bleeding, wash your perineum 2 to 3 times a day.

Cause

clinical manifestations

Diagnostic Key Points: Criteria for Ultrasound Diagnosis of Polyhydramnios

Nursing measures

General care: Pregnant women whose fetal presentation has not yet connected should stay in bed and raise their buttocks to prevent umbilical cord prolapse.

Reduce irritation: avoid actions that increase abdominal pressure

Observe the condition

Prevention of infection: If the fetal membranes remain for more than 12 hours, use prophylactic antibiotics as directed by your doctor.

Assist with treatment