MindMap Gallery phenol
University Chemistry Phenol Mind Map, phenol is the general name for a class of organic compounds, and its structural feature is that the molecule contains phenolic hydroxyl groups (—OH). This hydroxyl group is directly connected to the carbon atom on the benzene ring (C₆H₆), forming a special functional group.
Edited at 2024-12-03 19:28:52這是一篇關於把時間當作朋友的心智圖,《把時間當作朋友》是一本關於時間管理和個人成長的實用指南。作者李笑來透過豐富的故事和生動的例子,教導讀者如何克服拖延、提高效率、規劃未來等實用技巧。這本書不僅適合正在為未來奮鬥的年輕人,也適合所有希望更好地管理時間、實現個人成長的人。
This is a mind map about treating time as a friend. "Treating Time as a Friend" is a practical guide on time management and personal growth. Author Li Xiaolai teaches readers practical skills on how to overcome procrastination, improve efficiency, and plan for the future through rich stories and vivid examples. This book is not only suitable for young people who are struggling for the future, but also for everyone who wants to better manage time and achieve personal growth.
這七個習慣相輔相成,共同構成了高效能人士的核心特質。透過培養這些習慣,人們可以提升自己的領導力、溝通能力、團隊協作能力和自我管理能力,從而在工作和生活中取得更大的成功。
這是一篇關於把時間當作朋友的心智圖,《把時間當作朋友》是一本關於時間管理和個人成長的實用指南。作者李笑來透過豐富的故事和生動的例子,教導讀者如何克服拖延、提高效率、規劃未來等實用技巧。這本書不僅適合正在為未來奮鬥的年輕人,也適合所有希望更好地管理時間、實現個人成長的人。
This is a mind map about treating time as a friend. "Treating Time as a Friend" is a practical guide on time management and personal growth. Author Li Xiaolai teaches readers practical skills on how to overcome procrastination, improve efficiency, and plan for the future through rich stories and vivid examples. This book is not only suitable for young people who are struggling for the future, but also for everyone who wants to better manage time and achieve personal growth.
這七個習慣相輔相成,共同構成了高效能人士的核心特質。透過培養這些習慣,人們可以提升自己的領導力、溝通能力、團隊協作能力和自我管理能力,從而在工作和生活中取得更大的成功。
phenol
physical properties
color
Pure phenol - colorless liquid or solid
After oxidation - light red, red to brown
boiling point
Phenol containing intermolecular hydrogen bonds - higher than aromatic hydrocarbons similar to Mr
Phenols containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds - o-nitrophenol is much lower than the meta- and para-positions
Solubility (in water)
Room temperature: slightly soluble
After heating: miscible
chemical properties
Weakly acidic
p-p conjugation makes H in the phenolic hydroxyl group easy to ionize
Soluble in alkali, exists in ph-O- form
The acidity is very weak and cannot change the color of the acid-base indicator.
Judgment of acidity - look at the substituents connected to the ortho-para position
The first type of substituent (except -X): donates electrons (does not help), weakens acidity
The second type of substituent and -X: withdraw electrons (help), enhance acidity
Color reaction with FeCl3
Both phenol and enol structures can undergo complex reactions with Fe3 to generate complexes of various colors.
Phenol reacts with it and turns blue-purple
Phenomenon: Color development
Used to identify phenol and enol structures
Ether-forming reaction - Williamson reaction: phenol under alkaline conditions (NaOH as catalyst)
R-X
Special example: p-chloronitrobenzene, -NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group, making C-Cl easy to break
R-OSO3H
Esterification reaction (reaction in NaOH solution)
RCO-OH (carboxylic acid)
Difficulty reacting
RCO-CL (acyl halide)
RCO-OCOR (anhydride)
main reaction
Electrophilic reaction on benzene ring
The hydroxyl group is the first type of positioning group, which activates the benzene ring and is located in the ortho or para position.
Halogenation reaction
Phenol reacts with bromine water without a catalyst to immediately generate 2,4,6-tribromophenol (white precipitate)
Used for qualitative and quantitative determination of phenol
nitrification reaction
Concentrated, heat - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (colorless to yellow precipitate)
Dilute, room temperature - p-nitrophenol (minor); o-nitrophenol (major), containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds, more stable structure, lower melting and boiling points
Separation by steam distillation using differences in boiling points
Sulfonation reaction
Reaction of phenol and concentrated sulfuric acid
At room temperature - orthosulfonic acid phenol
100°C - p-sulfonic acid phenol
Friedel-Crafts reaction
Alkylation: The H in the ph of phenol can react with the alcohol hydroxyl group to dehydrate; other properties are the same as those in benzene alkylation
Acylation
Determine the main products based on steric hindrance
oxidation reaction
The more hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring, the easier it is to be oxidized
Phenol K2Cr2O7(H)——>p-benzoquinone
Catechol Ag2O——>O-quinone
1,2,3-Ploroglucinol easily absorbs oxygen
For quantitative analysis of O2 in gas mixtures