MindMap Gallery Molecules and cells
The compulsory review outline summarizes and organizes knowledge points to help learners understand and remember them. Directly hitting the key points can be used as study notes and review materials to help everyone systematically review and consolidate the knowledge they have learned.
Edited at 2025-01-25 20:37:15Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Molecules and cells
Walking into the cell
Cells are the basic unit of life activities
Many scientists and research results established by the theory of cellular
Life system level
Diversity and unity of cells
Use of microscopes
The distinction between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and common points
The molecule that makes up the cells
Elements and compounds in cells
Most elements in cells exist in compounds
Compounds
Methods and reagents for testing sugars, fats and proteins
Inorganic substances in cells
water
Free water
Good solvents in cells
Participate in biochemical reactions
Provide a liquid environment
Transport function
Combined with water
Composition of organisms
Inorganic salt
Mainly in ionic form
Carbohydrates and lipids in cells
carbohydrate
Single sugar
Disaccharide
More sugar
Lipids
Fat
Phospholipids
Steroids (major effect)
Protein is the main bearer of life activities
Protein function
structure
catalytic
transportation
immunity
Information delivery
Basic unit: amino acid
Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information
Basic unit: Nucleoside
DNA: AGCT
RNA: AGCU
The basic structure of cells
Structure and function of cell membranes
Function
structure
How cells convey information
Fluorescein labeling method
Sugar quilt
Division of labor and cooperation among organelles
animal
plant
Isotope labeling method
Cell skeleton
Biofilm system
Structure and function of the nucleus
Function: The control center of the cell
structure
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear cord
Chromatin
Nuclear hole
Cell material input and output
Passive transportation
Protoplasmic layer, cell wall
Free diffusion
Assist in the spread
Transport protein
Carrier Protein
Channel protein
Active transport and endocytosis and exophthalmosis
Active transportation
Endocytosis and exophorosis
Structural and functional characteristics of cell membrane
Energy supply and utilization of cells
Enzymes that reduce activation energy of chemical reactions
The role and nature of enzymes
Metabolism in cells
Comparison of organic catalysts and inorganic catalysts
The essence of enzymes: most of them are proteins
Reduce the activation energy of chemical reactions
Characteristics of enzymes
Efficiency
Dedication
The working conditions are mild
Cell Energy Currency ATP
Conversion between high-energy phosphate compounds
Utilization of ATP
Principles and applications of cell respiration
Aerobic breathing
Three processes
Anaerobic respiration
Two products
Photosynthesis and energy conversion
Pigments and structures that capture light energy
experiment
Photosynthesis
Principle (key point)
application
The life course of cells
Cell proliferation
Cell proliferation
Mitogenesis (key point)
Interval
Early stage
Medium term
Later
Final
Mitoclear
Dichotomy (bacteria)
Meiosis (germ cells)
Experiment: Observe mitosis of cells in the root part of the growth area
Cell differentiation
The significance of cell differentiation
The all-round type of cells
Selective expression of genes
Cell aging and death
Characteristics of cell aging (five points)
Causes of cell aging
Telomerism theory
Free radical theory
The relationship between cell aging and individual aging
Cell death
Apoptosis: Nature
Necrosis: Special