The sporozoite is elongated and spindle-shaped, and it invades the surface molecules of hepatocytes by binding to surface proteins. In hepatocytes, sporozoites develop into trophoblasts, which then form schizoles, and eventually produce merozoles.

It is divided into trophoblasts (the early form is circular, and pseudopod and pigment are present in the late stage), schizoles (immature and mature stages, mature schizoles contain merozoles) and gametophytes (the morphology of female and male gametophytes is different). The parasitic erythrocyte morphology varies by species of Plasmodium.

Including the extra-red blood cell phase (sporozoites invade hepatocytes and develop into schizoites, and the spores of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovade have fast-on and late-onset types, which can form dormant bodies) and the intra-red blood cell phase (merozoites invade red blood cells, develop into mature schizoites through circular and other stages, and some merozoites develop into gametophytes).

Anopheles bites patients or insect-carrying patients and inhales gametophytes, develop into male gametes and female gametes in the mosquito stomach, fertilizes to form zygotes, and then develops into zygotes and oocysts, which eventually produces sporozoites and enters the salivary glands.

The intrared blood cell phase mainly depends on glucose. Plasmodium parasites change the red blood cell membrane, which is conducive to the uptake of glucose. The lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase affects the development of the insect body.

Heme is converted to malaria pigment using hemoglobin hydrolysate.

The synthesis of purines can be synthesized by remedial pathways, which can synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides in de novo, and para-aminobenzoic acid affects the growth and reproduction of Plasmodium parasites.

Relying on hosts to provide fatty acids and cholesterol.

The duration is related to protozoa strains, sporozoite number and body immunity. The incubation period of malaria induced by blood transfusion is short and has no recurrence.

The proliferation of lysates in the red blood cell period leads to periodic chills, high fever, sweating and fever reduction, which is consistent with the proliferation cycle of lyses in the red blood cell period.

Reignition is caused by the large reproduction of Plasmodium in the intrared blood cell phase, which is related to decreased immunity and antigen mutation; recurrence is related to dormant resuscitation in hepatocytes, and there is no recurrence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.

Including anemia (related to hypersplenary spleen function, etc.), spleen enlargement (caused by spleen congestion and mononuclear macrophage hyperplasia), dangerous malaria (such as brain malaria, the mechanism is related to infected red blood cell adhesion and immune pathology), gastrointestinal malaria, and pregnancy malaria. Special populations have innate resistance to malaria.

Innate immunity recognizes Plasmodium through pattern recognition receptors, activates the immune response; adaptive immunity plays a role through antibody and cellular immunity, and has different mechanisms for Plasmodium in different periods.

Escape from immune attacks through parasitic sites (such as parasitizing in mature red blood cells to evade CD8⁺T cell attack), antigenic mutations and polymorphisms, inhibiting the body's immune response (suppressing DC function, etc.).

Repeated infections induce the body to develop immunity and can resist reinfection, but there is still low level of protozoaemia in the blood.

Thick and thin blood membrane staining microscopy is most commonly used, pay attention to the time of blood collection and identification with Babeworm.

Circulating antibody detection is used for epidemiological investigations, etc., and circulating antigen detection is fast and suitable for the grassroots.

PCR technology is highly sensitive and is used to detect asymptomatic infections and suspected patients.

It is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, with the proportion of cases in Africa exceeding 90%.

It was once an important insect-borne infectious disease. There have been no local cases since 2017, and imported cases still exist.

Mosquito vector control (using mosquito nets, insecticides, etc.), preventive medication (select drugs according to region and population), and vaccine development (multiple vaccine candidates are at different stages).

Select drugs according to the malaria parasite phase and follow the combined drug use strategy of artemisinin to ensure sufficient full medication.

After felines eat into the insect body during the infection stage, sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction are performed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine, producing ovum sacs excreted with feces.

After the intermediate host swallows the oocyst, cyst or pseudocyst, sporozoites, cyst or cyst invade the cells, forming pseudocyst, and some cysts are converted into cysts to form cysts.

It is related to the virility of insect strains and the host immune status, and the virility of insect strains of different genotypes is different.

Radical mesophylls are the main pathogenic stage of acute infection and destroy cells; cysts are the main stage of chronic infection, and cyst rupture can trigger an immune response.

Sensitized T cells produce cytokines, and IFN-γ plays a leading role in anti-toxoplasma immunity.

Infection induced specific antibody production, and dynamic monitoring of antibodies helped to determine the time of infection and the probability of fetal involvement.

The smear staining method is easy to operate but has a low positive rate. It is commonly used in animal inoculation isolation and cell culture method.

Staining tests, indirect hemoclotting tests and other methods are widely used, and serological examinations are an important auxiliary diagnostic method.

Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR is used to detect amniotic fluid specimens suspected of congenital infection.

The world is distributed, and the population is common, and the serum antibody positive rate of Toxoplasma gondii gondii is the highest in pregnant women and children in Brazil.

It is widely distributed, and the seropositivity rate in the population is mostly below 10%.

Fecal smear staining (goldamine-phenol staining, improved acid-fast staining, etc.), gene detection (PCR detection of specific DNA).

Immunological testing of fecal and serum specimens (IFAT, ELISA, etc.) can assist in diagnosis and epidemiological investigations.

There are differences in insect species in Oceania, North America and other places, and the infection rate of high-risk population is high. It is listed as a suspected indicator of AIDS patients and a new infectious disease.

The first case was discovered in 1987, and the infection rate was on the rise.

At least three types can parasitize the human body. Sermatosporidium Lin's use of humans as the intermediate hosts; the intermediate hosts of beef sermatosporidium and pig sermatosporidium are cattle and pig respectively, and humans are the final hosts.

The oocyst contains 2 sporangia, which is cylindrical or spindle-shaped. The life history involves alternating infection of the intermediate host and the final host. Sermatosporidium can also be transmitted through slow mesozoites.

The symptoms of human infection depend on the number of sermatosporous sermatosporous sermatosporous, which can cause digestive tract symptoms, anemia, etc. The rupture of sermatosporous sermatosporous can cause serious problems.

Fecal examination or muscle biopsy can confirm the diagnosis of ovum, sporangia or sermatospora.

It is distributed worldwide and is more common in Europe. There are no specific drugs for treatment. Sulfonamide drugs can be tried. The main purpose of preventing them is to avoid raw meat and strengthen quarantine.

Parasitizes in the human small intestine, causing cystic coccidiosis, and the host symptoms are severe, and those who are susceptible are those who are immune-deficient or travelers.

The oocyst is round or oblong, and the life history includes the development and reproduction process in small intestinal epithelial cells, and the oocyst emission time limit is uncertain.

The trophoblast invades the intestinal mucosa and causes proliferative enteritis, and the symptoms are related to the body's immune status.

The oocyst is mainly relied on feces to detect the oocyst. If necessary, the duodenal mucosa biopsy should be performed. Note that the oocyst is smaller and the oocyst is prone to missed detection.

It is distributed worldwide, common in tropical and subtropical areas. People are infected by the intake of mature oocysts, so they pay attention to drinking water and dietary hygiene, and use compound sulfamethoxazole for treatment.

The status of biological classification is controversial, with at least 8 genera about 15 species that can infect humans and are important pathogens of diarrhea in HIV-infected or AIDS patients.

Spores are typical stages, containing diodes, and the developmental process includes fission reproduction and spore reproduction, and mature spores infect host cells.

The pathogenicity and clinical symptoms are related to the immune status of the insect species and the host, and can involve multiple organs, and the symptoms of immune-involved hosts are severe.

The feces, urine and other specimens were examined, and staining microscopy, serum antibody detection, cell culture and molecular biology methods were used, and tissue electron microscopy could identify insect species.

Zodiac disease is distributed worldwide and is mainly transmitted through food and water. Commonly used drugs include albendazole and aspergillin, but there are problems with treatment.

It was first reported in 1899 that it was once considered a yeast and later classified as a protozoa, and is one of the pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans.

The shapes are diverse, including vacuole type, granule type, etc., which mainly parasitize in the ileocecal area, and the life history is not completely clear. The pathogenic period may be an amoeba type insect body.

The pathogenicity is controversial, which may be related to the body's immunity or genotype. The pathogenesis includes induction of cell apoptosis, etc. There are pathological changes in immunosuppressive mice after infection.

Fecal examination (direct smear method, iodine solution staining method, etc.), pay attention to differentiation from other pathogens, and can also be diagnosed by PCR technology. Serological diagnosis is not used in clinical practice.

It is distributed worldwide, more common in Southeast Asia and South America. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral pathway, preventing and eliminating the source of infection and cutting off the transmission pathway. It is often treated with metronidazole, but there is a recurrence.

Parasitizes in mammalian red blood cells and causes Babesiasis, which is a zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks. Various insect species can infect people.

The insect body has diverse morphology, and its life history includes sexual reproduction in ticks and asexual development in mammalian red blood cells. Young ticks can sustainably infect the host, and some transovulate transmission occurs.

The clinical manifestations are related to insect body action, red blood cell lysis and host immune status, which can lead to symptoms such as fever and anemia. Severe patients can endanger life, and splenectomy and AIDS patients have serious symptoms after infection.

Peripheral blood smear is commonly used for microscopy, and is assisted by serological detection and molecular biological methods. Animal inoculation is sensitive but cannot meet the clinical rapid detection needs.

There are a wide range of hosts, and the transmission routes include tick bites, etc. They are commonly treated with drugs such as clindamycin and quinine. The combination of drugs has good effect but has side effects. Prevention is mainly to prevent tick bites, and animal vaccines have been developed.

The sporozoite is elongated and spindle-shaped, and it invades the surface molecules of hepatocytes by binding to surface proteins. In hepatocytes, sporozoites develop into trophoblasts, which then form schizoles, and eventually produce merozoles.

It is divided into trophoblasts (the early form is circular, and pseudopod and pigment are present in the late stage), schizoles (immature and mature stages, mature schizoles contain merozoles) and gametophytes (the morphology of female and male gametophytes is different). The parasitic erythrocyte morphology varies by species of Plasmodium.

Including the extra-red blood cell phase (sporozoites invade hepatocytes and develop into schizoites, and the spores of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovade have fast-on and late-onset types, which can form dormant bodies) and the intra-red blood cell phase (merozoites invade red blood cells, develop into mature schizoites through circular and other stages, and some merozoites develop into gametophytes).

Anopheles bites patients or insect-carrying patients and inhales gametophytes, develop into male gametes and female gametes in the mosquito stomach, fertilizes to form zygotes, and then develops into zygotes and oocysts, which eventually produces sporozoites and enters the salivary glands.

The intrared blood cell phase mainly depends on glucose. Plasmodium parasites change the red blood cell membrane, which is conducive to the uptake of glucose. The lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase affects the development of the insect body.

Heme is converted to malaria pigment using hemoglobin hydrolysate.

The synthesis of purines can be synthesized by remedial pathways, which can synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides in de novo, and para-aminobenzoic acid affects the growth and reproduction of Plasmodium parasites.

Relying on hosts to provide fatty acids and cholesterol.

The duration is related to protozoa strains, sporozoite number and body immunity. The incubation period of malaria induced by blood transfusion is short and has no recurrence.

The proliferation of lysates in the red blood cell period leads to periodic chills, high fever, sweating and fever reduction, which is consistent with the proliferation cycle of lyses in the red blood cell period.

Reignition is caused by the large reproduction of Plasmodium in the intrared blood cell phase, which is related to decreased immunity and antigen mutation; recurrence is related to dormant resuscitation in hepatocytes, and there is no recurrence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.

Including anemia (related to hypersplenary spleen function, etc.), spleen enlargement (caused by spleen congestion and mononuclear macrophage hyperplasia), dangerous malaria (such as brain malaria, the mechanism is related to infected red blood cell adhesion and immune pathology), gastrointestinal malaria, and pregnancy malaria. Special populations have innate resistance to malaria.

Innate immunity recognizes Plasmodium through pattern recognition receptors, activates the immune response; adaptive immunity plays a role through antibody and cellular immunity, and has different mechanisms for Plasmodium in different periods.

Escape from immune attacks through parasitic sites (such as parasitizing in mature red blood cells to evade CD8⁺T cell attack), antigenic mutations and polymorphisms, inhibiting the body's immune response (suppressing DC function, etc.).

Repeated infections induce the body to develop immunity and can resist reinfection, but there is still low level of protozoaemia in the blood.

Thick and thin blood membrane staining microscopy is most commonly used, pay attention to the time of blood collection and identification with Babeworm.

Circulating antibody detection is used for epidemiological investigations, etc., and circulating antigen detection is fast and suitable for the grassroots.

PCR technology is highly sensitive and is used to detect asymptomatic infections and suspected patients.

It is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, with the proportion of cases in Africa exceeding 90%.

It was once an important insect-borne infectious disease. There have been no local cases since 2017, and imported cases still exist.

Mosquito vector control (using mosquito nets, insecticides, etc.), preventive medication (select drugs according to region and population), and vaccine development (multiple vaccine candidates are at different stages).

Select drugs according to the malaria parasite phase and follow the combined drug use strategy of artemisinin to ensure sufficient full medication.

After felines eat into the insect body during the infection stage, sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction are performed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine, producing ovum sacs excreted with feces.

After the intermediate host swallows the oocyst, cyst or pseudocyst, sporozoites, cyst or cyst invade the cells, forming pseudocyst, and some cysts are converted into cysts to form cysts.

It is related to the virility of insect strains and the host immune status, and the virility of insect strains of different genotypes is different.

Radical mesophylls are the main pathogenic stage of acute infection and destroy cells; cysts are the main stage of chronic infection, and cyst rupture can trigger an immune response.

Sensitized T cells produce cytokines, and IFN-γ plays a leading role in anti-toxoplasma immunity.

Infection induced specific antibody production, and dynamic monitoring of antibodies helped to determine the time of infection and the probability of fetal involvement.

The smear staining method is easy to operate but has a low positive rate. It is commonly used in animal inoculation isolation and cell culture method.

Staining tests, indirect hemoclotting tests and other methods are widely used, and serological examinations are an important auxiliary diagnostic method.

Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR is used to detect amniotic fluid specimens suspected of congenital infection.

The world is distributed, and the population is common, and the serum antibody positive rate of Toxoplasma gondii gondii is the highest in pregnant women and children in Brazil.

It is widely distributed, and the seropositivity rate in the population is mostly below 10%.

Fecal smear staining (goldamine-phenol staining, improved acid-fast staining, etc.), gene detection (PCR detection of specific DNA).

Immunological testing of fecal and serum specimens (IFAT, ELISA, etc.) can assist in diagnosis and epidemiological investigations.

There are differences in insect species in Oceania, North America and other places, and the infection rate of high-risk population is high. It is listed as a suspected indicator of AIDS patients and a new infectious disease.

The first case was discovered in 1987, and the infection rate was on the rise.

At least three types can parasitize the human body. Sermatosporidium Lin's use of humans as the intermediate hosts; the intermediate hosts of beef sermatosporidium and pig sermatosporidium are cattle and pig respectively, and humans are the final hosts.

The oocyst contains 2 sporangia, which is cylindrical or spindle-shaped. The life history involves alternating infection of the intermediate host and the final host. Sermatosporidium can also be transmitted through slow mesozoites.

The symptoms of human infection depend on the number of sermatosporous sermatosporous sermatosporous, which can cause digestive tract symptoms, anemia, etc. The rupture of sermatosporous sermatosporous can cause serious problems.

Fecal examination or muscle biopsy can confirm the diagnosis of ovum, sporangia or sermatospora.

It is distributed worldwide and is more common in Europe. There are no specific drugs for treatment. Sulfonamide drugs can be tried. The main purpose of preventing them is to avoid raw meat and strengthen quarantine.

Parasitizes in the human small intestine, causing cystic coccidiosis, and the host symptoms are severe, and those who are susceptible are those who are immune-deficient or travelers.

The oocyst is round or oblong, and the life history includes the development and reproduction process in small intestinal epithelial cells, and the oocyst emission time limit is uncertain.

The trophoblast invades the intestinal mucosa and causes proliferative enteritis, and the symptoms are related to the body's immune status.

The oocyst is mainly relied on feces to detect the oocyst. If necessary, the duodenal mucosa biopsy should be performed. Note that the oocyst is smaller and the oocyst is prone to missed detection.

It is distributed worldwide, common in tropical and subtropical areas. People are infected by the intake of mature oocysts, so they pay attention to drinking water and dietary hygiene, and use compound sulfamethoxazole for treatment.

The status of biological classification is controversial, with at least 8 genera about 15 species that can infect humans and are important pathogens of diarrhea in HIV-infected or AIDS patients.

Spores are typical stages, containing diodes, and the developmental process includes fission reproduction and spore reproduction, and mature spores infect host cells.

The pathogenicity and clinical symptoms are related to the immune status of the insect species and the host, and can involve multiple organs, and the symptoms of immune-involved hosts are severe.

The feces, urine and other specimens were examined, and staining microscopy, serum antibody detection, cell culture and molecular biology methods were used, and tissue electron microscopy could identify insect species.

Zodiac disease is distributed worldwide and is mainly transmitted through food and water. Commonly used drugs include albendazole and aspergillin, but there are problems with treatment.

It was first reported in 1899 that it was once considered a yeast and later classified as a protozoa, and is one of the pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans.

The shapes are diverse, including vacuole type, granule type, etc., which mainly parasitize in the ileocecal area, and the life history is not completely clear. The pathogenic period may be an amoeba type insect body.

The pathogenicity is controversial, which may be related to the body's immunity or genotype. The pathogenesis includes induction of cell apoptosis, etc. There are pathological changes in immunosuppressive mice after infection.

Fecal examination (direct smear method, iodine solution staining method, etc.), pay attention to differentiation from other pathogens, and can also be diagnosed by PCR technology. Serological diagnosis is not used in clinical practice.

It is distributed worldwide, more common in Southeast Asia and South America. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral pathway, preventing and eliminating the source of infection and cutting off the transmission pathway. It is often treated with metronidazole, but there is a recurrence.

Parasitizes in mammalian red blood cells and causes Babesiasis, which is a zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks. Various insect species can infect people.

The insect body has diverse morphology, and its life history includes sexual reproduction in ticks and asexual development in mammalian red blood cells. Young ticks can sustainably infect the host, and some transovulate transmission occurs.

The clinical manifestations are related to insect body action, red blood cell lysis and host immune status, which can lead to symptoms such as fever and anemia. Severe patients can endanger life, and splenectomy and AIDS patients have serious symptoms after infection.

Peripheral blood smear is commonly used for microscopy, and is assisted by serological detection and molecular biological methods. Animal inoculation is sensitive but cannot meet the clinical rapid detection needs.

There are a wide range of hosts, and the transmission routes include tick bites, etc. They are commonly treated with drugs such as clindamycin and quinine. The combination of drugs has good effect but has side effects. Prevention is mainly to prevent tick bites, and animal vaccines have been developed.