Hard palate: anterior 2/3

Soft palate: posterior 1/3.

Crown, root, neck, cavity, apical foramen, pulp

Enamel (the hardest part of the body), dentin, cementum

Periodontal tissue: gingiva (non-mobile), periodontal ligament, alveolar bone (maxilla and mandible included)

Central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, second molars, third molars (wisdom teeth)

deciduous central incisors, deciduous lateral incisors, deciduous canines, first deciduous molars, second deciduous molars Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅳ

Boundary sulcus, lingual foramen cecum, lingual frenulum, tongue tip, tongue body, tongue base, sublingual caruncle (opening of submandibular gland and sublingual gland large duct), sublingual fold (sublingual gland canaliculus)

Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

Tongue papilla (tongue body and tongue tip mucosa)

Genioglossus: Contract both sides at the same time, extending forward and downward - tongue extension

major salivary glands

minor salivary glands

There is a parotid duct papilla on the buccal mucosa opposite to the crown of the maxillary second molar.

Eustachian tube round pillow: it is a symbol to identify the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube

Eustachian tube pharyngeal opening: closed most of the time, open when the mouth is opened

Pharyngeal recess: a common site for nasopharyngeal cancer

Upper part: superior duodenal flexure, duodenal bulb (duodenal ulcer prone site)

Descending part: inferior curvature of duodenum, major duodenal papilla (opening of common bile duct and pancreatic duct) Small duodenal papilla: opening of accessory gland duct

Horizontal part

Ascending part: Duodenal suspensory ligament (an important landmark to determine the beginning of the jejunum during surgery)

McFarland's point: the middle and outer 1/3 of the line connecting the umbilicus and the right anterior superior iliac spine

Lang's point: the intersection of the right 1/3 of the line connecting the left and right anterior superior iliac spines

Ascending colon: right flexure of colon (hepatic flexure)

Transverse colon: left flexure of the colon (splenic flexure). Greater mobility

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon: high mobility, excessive mesentery, and frequent intestinal volvulus

external anal sphincter

Internal anal sphincter: anal column, anal valve, anal sinus, dentate line anal comb, linea alba (junction of internal and external sphincter)

Above the dentate line are internal hemorrhoids (visceral nerves), below are external hemorrhoids (somatic nerves)

gallbladder-hepatic round ligament

inferior vena cava_ligamentum venosum

Porta-hepatic pedicle

Gallbladder: gallbladder base, gallbladder body, gallbladder neck, cystic duct

Hepatic duct and common hepatic duct: The left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the common hepatic duct. Gallbladder triangle: cystic duct, common hepatic duct and the visceral surface of the liver. The gallbladder artery often passes through the triangle.

Common bile duct: The junction of the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. It merges with the pancreatic duct in the wall, forming the hepatopancreatic ampulla at the junction, which opens into the great papilla of the duodenum.