Normally, you should defecate at least once a day, and the time should not exceed 30 seconds. If you do not defecate for more than 3 days or the defecation time is prolonged, you will howl in pain, and the feces will be thick and hard.

envirnmental factor

pain

block

neuromuscular diseases

metabolic endocrine abnormalities

inquiry

Physical examination

blood test

x-ray

Symptomatic treatment

Target the cause

enema

definition

Clinical symptoms

diagnosis

treat

high density

low density

It is not clear yet, but it may be related to abnormal gastric motility. Deep-chested dogs are prone to the disease and may relapse easily. Eating once a day or eating from a high platform and exercising strenuously immediately after meals can increase the risk of the disease.

When the stomach becomes dilated/volved due to excess gas. Severe gastric dilatation can block the hepatic portal vein and posterior vena cava, leading to intestinal mucosal congestion, reduced cardiac output, severe shock, and DIC. Reduced blood in the stomach can lead to gastric wall necrosis

dry cough retching

Abdominal pain, anterior abdominal distension

Depression, near-death state

Physical examination may serve as a preliminary examination and reveal a distended anterior abdomen

X-ray shows the blue hat sign on the right side.

Blood tests to assess condition/shock.

Treat shock first

gastric decompression

Necessary surgical reduction

The mortality rate is 18-28%. The earlier the treatment, the better the effect. However, preoperative arrhythmia can increase lactic acid concentration, aggravate gastric wall necrosis and cause severe DIC. If part of the stomach and spleen are removed, the prognosis will worsen.

Gastrointestinal symptoms lasting more than three weeks

Histopathological findings of mucosal inflammation

Not sensitive to antibiotics and anthelmintics, but responsive to anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive treatments

Divided into four types

The specific cause is not yet clear. Most people are middle-aged to old. Dogs may be hereditary, and cats may be related to cholangitis and pancreatitis.

Mainly chronic vomiting

Diarrhea. Weight loss. Anorexia/Polyphagia

Other causes must be ruled out such as

Blood routine, biochemistry, urine test

T4

Ultrasound

Biopsy and histopathological examination

Except for lymphocytic enteritis, prednisolone is the drug of choice

Sulfasalazine, the drug of choice for lymphocytic

Lymphocytosis can be well controlled and can be recovered by eating prescribed food, but it needs to be eaten for a lifetime. A few can recover. If it is complicated by trisomy, the prognosis is worrying. Other types may not be effective in treatment. Eosinophilic type will have tumor characteristics and infiltrate other diseases. If the tissue infiltrates the bone marrow, the prognosis is poor

Higher than 5.5mmol, cats will be life-threatening if higher than 7.5mmol

Common in oliguria and anuria renal failure, urinary tract obstruction, massive cell necrosis

It will cause cardiotoxicity, which will first increase and then inhibit myocardial excitation, leading to bradycardia and arrhythmia.

treat

prognosis

Exocrine

endocrine

Pancreatic duct epithelial cells secrete carbonic acid to neutralize gastric acid

The acini of the pancreas secrete zymogen (inactive) through the duct into the duodenum. The epithelial cells of the duodenum secrete enterokinase, which acts on the zymogen and changes it into active pancreatic enzyme to aid digestion.

pancreatic inflammatory response

Hypoperfusion causes ischemia, capillary permeability increases, and inflammatory reaction occurs with neutrophil infiltration.

The opening of the pancreatic duct is blocked, bile refluxes, and intestinal bacteria come up

High-fat food (dogs)

Drugs/Toxins

trauma

Gastrointestinal diseases/hepatobiliary diseases (cats)/abdominal transmission/Toxoplasma gondii

Vomiting/diarrhea/abdominal pain/dehydration

Jaundice 5.3%

Ascites 1.3%

Ultrasound

PLI

Clinical symptoms

Amylase increased 7-10 times/lipase increased 2-3 times (suspicious means, not specific)

Assess for dehydration, look for hypovolemia, correct acid-base balance, electrolyte imbalance

Antiemetic 0.1ml/kg.ih, you can eat if you have not vomited for 12 hours

Pain relief

Appetite promotion

The occurrence of extensive fatty liver, purulent pancreatitis, leukopenia, and ionized calcium less than 1 mmol/L indicates poor prognosis.

, the ovaries secrete two hormones

Cysts are formed in the endometrium. The cysts contain countless secretory cells, which will produce a large amount of fluid. If they continue to develop, the fluid will flow out of the vagina, and animals will lick it to clean it. Bacteria will be retrogradely infected from the vagina. The body will further deteriorate and the fluid will become thicker. More and more white blood cells are supplied, and the uterus becomes further enlarged. At this time, a very small number of uterus will rupture, and the ruptured animals will die within 48 hours. The body that is not broken will try to carry waste and fluid through the blood vessels into the kidneys for excretion. If there are too many things, the kidneys will be overloaded and uremia will occur, which will further lead to kidney failure and death.

Because animals will urinate a lot to eliminate waste from the body, and drink a lot of water at the same time, their body temperature will rise, and their white blood cells will rise.

Infusion to adjust hydration status, then surgery

Children under 6 years old can try prostaglandin + antibiotic treatment for 7 days. Side effects of prostaglandin (restlessness, wheezing, vomiting, increased heart rate, fever, increased defecation)

It is more common in male cats and dogs, but less common in female cats and dogs. Stone obstruction is the most common in male dogs. Lower urinary syndrome is the most common in male cats, mainly due to mucus formation and plugging of the distal urethra. Struvite and calcium oxalate are common in both cats and dogs. Transitional epithelial carcinoma occurs in dogs and cats

The urethra is blocked and the urine cannot be discharged. The animals dare not drink water, and the body will have insensitive losses. Dehydration will cause hypovolemia. Insufficient tissue perfusion will affect the heart.

The ions cannot be excreted, and the potassium ions cannot be excreted, which will cause hyperkalemia and the heartbeat will slow down.

Phosphate ions that cannot be excreted will combine with calcium ions, causing hypocalcemia and worsening the condition.

Failure to expel hydrogen ions will cause metabolic acidosis. When pH is <7.2, many enzymes in the body cannot perform their functions. Animals will undergo a compensatory reaction and will see fast and deep breathing. If animals hope to eliminate carbon dioxide through breathing, they will use it. With more oxygen, the cardiac output itself is poor, and the respiratory muscles use too much oxygen, the body will be even more hypoxic, and eventually the heart and respiratory failure will lead to death.

Symptoms: Squatting all the time, groaning when wanting to urinate, dehydration causing insufficient blood volume, lack of energy, and gastric ulcers, bloated bladder, possible hypothermia (lower cardiac output will result in lower body temperature), and possible infection. fever

Blood routine and electrolytes can determine the ion status

Blood gases can see a drop in carbon dioxide due to respiratory compensation

Biochemical tests

Videography

If the potassium ion is greater than 7, sign the critical medical record

Inject 10% calcium gluconate 1ml/kg intravenously for 10-30 minutes

Catheterize the urine immediately and leave it in a urine bag for three days

Infuse 6ml/kg/h, observe the urine output for 4 hours, and then the urine output + 1ml/kg/h (for example, a 5 kg dog urinates 200ml in 4 hours, then it is 50ml + 5ml/h, with 4h as the standard

For pain relief, take butorphanol 0.2-0.4mg/kg/if not serious, you can use gabapentin 5-10mg/kg

Bleeding/trauma

tumor

burn

Vomiting and diarrhea

polyuria

severe dehydration

Common in the pathology of dehydration and anemia, too little blood is delivered to tissues and organs.

Once shock occurs, blood redistribution will occur over time

Sympathetic nervous excitement

parasympathetic inhibition

RAAS start

heart rate

CRT

pulse

lactic acid

Infusion for dogs 60-90ml/kg, cats 40-60ml/kg

Colloidal solution 10-20ml/kg, please note that it is not suitable for patients with platelet coagulation problems and brain trauma.

blood transfusion

pancreatitis

tumor

septicemia

Pyometra

burn

The physiology of all shock diseases is similar. Distributive shock mainly depends on whether there is systemic inflammation, and whether it is combined with hypovolemia.

Heartbeat and pulse are almost the same

CRT

Generally, the blood pressure is low, the heartbeat is fast, the pulse is weak, the mucous membranes are flushed, and they conflict with each other. The cat may have neurological symptoms, become depressed, have poor spirits, and sometimes shake the body.

If distributive shock has been diagnosed, it is also necessary to check whether it is hypovolemia. First, expand the blood volume and monitor the central venous pressure. Once the central venous pressure is reached, slow down or stop immediately.