Upper respiratory tract: nose, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea

Lower respiratory tract: bronchi, lungs

Perform gas exchange between the body and the outside

Clinical features: cough, runny nose, shyness and tearing, sudden increase in body temperature

Cause: cold factor, decreased body resistance

Symptoms: depression, loss of appetite, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, etc.

Diagnosis: Based on medical history and main symptoms; differential diagnosis: influenza, body temperature suddenly rises to 40~41°C, severe systemic symptoms, rapid spread, obvious epidemic, and often occurs in large numbers.

Treatment: strengthen nursing, antipyretic and analgesic, etc.

Clinical features: runny nose, sneezing

Primary causes: viral infection; cold, inhalation of irritating gases and chemicals; mechanical irritation; multiple allergens

Secondary causes: influenza, glanders, swine plague, canine distemper, etc.; spread of adjacent organs; dogs: gingival abscess extends to the maxillary recess

Symptoms: acute and chronic

Treatment: enhanced care, flushing, local treatment, etc.

Clinical features: severe cough, throat sensitivity, swelling, pain

Category: Catarrhal and fibrinous laryngitis

Primary causes: cold; mechanical irritation; inhalation of dust, harmful gases, mold, and wheatgrass; inhalation of cold air during excessive use; excessive yelling, long-term severe coughing, etc.

Secondary causes: spread of inflammation in adjacent organs, such as rhinitis, pharyngitis, trachea; infectious diseases: glanders, influenza, infectious upper respiratory tract catarrh, severe painful cough, etc.

Treatment: strengthen nursing; laryngeal sealing is mainly used to relieve pain; Chinese medicine treatment, etc.

Sneezing or coughing, nasal discharge, inspiratory dyspnea, no abnormality on chest auscultation and percussion, no abnormality on lung X-ray

Clinical features: Cough, runny nose and indefinite fever

Classification

acute bronchitis

chronic bronchitis

Bronchus/bronchus

Characteristics: Chest pain, elevated temperature, and crepitus on chest auscultation.

According to the amount of exudate, it is divided into: wet and dry

Cause: pathogenic microbial infection; spread of inflammation in adjacent organs, etc.

Symptoms: During the exudation period, there is a horizontal dullness area upon percussion; during thoracentesis, serous-fibrinous exudate is the most common, etc.

Diagnosis: X-ray examination; B-ultrasound; horizontal dullness; puncture fluid, etc.

Treatment: Stop exudation; promote absorption and discharge of exudate; eliminate inflammation; relieve pain

Pulmonary congestion classification: active congestion/passive congestion

Clinical features: dyspnea, mucosal cyanosis and foamy nasal discharge (more common in cattle, dogs, and horses)

Causes of active congestion: hot weather, overuse; long-distance transportation, overcrowding and stuffiness; inhalation of smoke or irritating gases; allergic reactions, etc.

Causes of passive congestion: Heart diseases in the decompensated stage, such as myocarditis, cardiac dilation, etc.; left atrioventricular orifice stenosis and mitral atresia; pericarditis, etc.

Causes of pulmonary edema: Causes of active or passive pulmonary congestion persist; secondary to acute allergic reactions, regenerative grass fever.

X-ray examination of pulmonary edema: the shadows are generally deepened and the hilar blood vessel texture is significant.

Symptoms: Pulmonary edema Auscultation: widespread moist rales or crepitations; Percussion: dullness/voiced tympani

Pathological changes: acute pulmonary congestion, active congestion, chronic passive congestion, depositional congestion (splenic change)

Treatment principles: quieting, reducing burden, promoting blood circulation, relieving dyspnea

Treatment methods: Stop exudation; anti-allergy; pulmonary edema caused by organophosphorus poisoning; heart failure; enhanced vascular permeability; DIC.

Concept: A disease that changes the morphology and function of the lungs in which the alveoli are filled with a large amount of gas, causing the alveoli to overexpand, leading to atrophy, degeneration or even collapse of the pulmonary elastic fibers.

symptom

Clinical features: fever, cough, shortness of breath, dyspnea, and fixed rales in the lungs

The occurrence of pneumonia: pathogen (large in number and strong virulence), host (impaired immune defense system)

Classification according to the nature of inflammatory exudates

Diagnostic points