Apart separation

Close together

Totally closed

A set of qualities arbitrary defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages The artificially determined and fixed vowel sound quality provides a reference framework for the description of vowels in substantive speech.

The front, center and the back of the tongue front, middle and back of tongue

Four levels of tongue height Four heights of the tongue

Single movement of the tongue tongue movement once

A double movement of the tongue A double movement of the tongue

The height of tongue rising (high -mid-low ) How high or low the tongue is raised (high, medium, low)

The position of the highest part of the vowel (front-central-back) The position of the highest part of the tongue (front, center, back)

The length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax/long vs. short) Vowel tightness and length

Lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded) Rounding of the lips (rounded lips - non-rounded lips)

Temporary or prolonged closure of the oral passage by the articulator

Articulators significantly narrow the space The articulators move closer to each other, changing the shape of the vocal tract

/p,b,t,d,k,g/

/m,n,ŋ/

/f,v, θ, ð,s,z, ʃ, ʒ,h/

/w, r, j/

/l/

/rpositive/

/tʃ,dʒ/

/p,b,m/

/f,v/

/θ, ð/

/t,d,n,s,z,l,r/

/ʃ,ʒ/

/j/

velar stop

velar nasal

glottal fricative

glottal stop

vocal position