Chapter 1: The functions of language
social function of language
The information transmission function of language
Human-machine functions of language
The thinking function of language
The relationship between language and thinking
Physiological basis of language thinking function
Children's language acquisition and thinking development
About the language and thinking of deaf-mute people
The universality of thinking ability and the particularity of thinking mode
Chapter 2: Language is a system of symbols
symbolic nature of language
Systematicity of linguistic symbols
Arbitrariness and linearity of language symbols
Hierarchy of linguistic symbols
Combination and aggregation relationships
Linguistic symbol systems are unique to humans
The fundamental difference between human language symbols and other animal "languages"
Language is an unbridgeable gap between other animals and humans
Chapter 3: Language and Phonology
The difference and connection between phonetics and phonology
The smallest linear unit of speech and phonology—sound speed and phoneme
International Phonetic Alphabet
Looking at speech from the perspective of acoustics
Acoustic analysis of sound quality
Instruments and software for acoustic analysis
Looking at phonetics from the perspective of articulatory physiology
Two phonemes; vowels and consonants
Phonemes and Phonology
Opposition and complementarity
Phonemes and phoneme allophones
Phonetic phonemes and non-phonetic phonemes
combination of phonetic units
Speech flow sound changes
Chapter 4: Grammar
Grammar and grammatical units
Language structure is regular
Grammar combination rules and aggregation rules
Combination rules
Rules for combining morphemes into words
Rules for word formation into phrases and sentences
Hierarchy of combinations
Recursiveness and openness of composition
transform
transformations and sentence patterns
Transformation and syntactic synonyms
Transformation and syntactic ambiguity
Structural types and general characteristics of language
grammatical structure types of speech
Grammatical structures cannot be distinguished as good or bad
universal features of language
Chapter 5: Semantics and Pragmatics
Vocabulary and meaning
generalization of word meaning
Various relationships between word meanings
Chapter 6: Text
The basic properties of writing and the production of writing
Characteristics and classification of synchronic writing systems
The development and spread of writing
Chapter 7: Language Evolution and Language Differentiation
Reasons and characteristics of language evolution
differentiation of language
Chapter 8: Language Contact
social contact and language contact
unsystematic vocabulary borrowing
Language alliance and system infection
Language replacement and underlying
Common written language and ethnic/national common language enter the level of dialect or ethnic and
A special form of language contact - lingua franca
Chapter 9: The Evolution of Language Systems
The evolution of vocabulary and word meanings