Monolayer cell culture, suspension cell culture

Primary cells

(human embryo) diploid cells

passage cells

The cells become round, the cytoplasmic granules increase, there are inclusion bodies, and lysis and necrosis

Viruses containing hemagglutinin can bind to sialic acid receptors on red blood cells after infecting cells.

Some viruses do not cause CPE but can interfere with the proliferation of another virus that infects the same cell and inhibit the CPE of that virus.

Determine viral infectivity and virulence

For determining the number of viable viruses

Some viruses possess hemagglutinins—a measure of the minimum amount of virus that causes red blood cells to agglutinate

For semi-quantitative detection of virus particle content

Inoculate an appropriate amount of virus into a monolayer of cells. The virus proliferates and causes the infected cells to fall off, forming plaques visible to the naked eye.

Plaque forming units (PFU)

Risk of reinfection

Risk of reinfection

Polio vaccine, influenza vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, rubella vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Safe and will not revert to infection

Hepatitis B vaccine