The defense-based response of living tissues with vascular systems to damage caused by various inflammatory factors manifests as basic pathological changes such as deterioration, exudation and proliferation locally.

Biological factors (the most common cause), physical factors, chemical factors, immune response, foreign matter

Deterioration: The tissues and cells in the inflammation area undergo degeneration and necrosis. Viral hepatitis

Exudation: the process in which plasma components and cellular components in the blood vessels of local inflammatory tissues enter tissue spaces, body cavities, body surfaces, and mucosal surfaces through blood vessels. This is the most characteristic change of inflammation and an important feature of acute inflammation. Purulent inflammation

Proliferation: Reactive proliferation of inflammatory local parenchymal cells, interstitial cells and inflammatory cells (mainly macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells) under the stimulation of inflammatory factors or tissue disintegration products

Changes in blood vessel caliber and blood flow

Increased blood vessel wall permeability

Leakage: blood circulation disorder, imbalance of osmotic pressure inside and outside blood vessels, causing fluid leakage

White blood cell reaction during acute inflammation (white blood cells that leak out of blood vessels are called inflammatory cells, and the phenomenon of inflammatory cells gathering in the inflammatory focus area is called inflammatory cell infiltration

Edge gathering, rolling, sticking, swimming out (amoeba-like movements)

Chemotaxis: leukocytes move directionally along a concentration gradient toward the site of chemical stimulation. The most common exogenous factor is bacteriocins. Endogenous chemokines include complement components, leukotrienes, and cytokines.

The role of white blood cells: Phagocytosis (1. Recognition and adhesion 2. Phagocytosis 3. Killing and degradation)

Chemical factors that mediate and participate in the reaction process

serous inflammation

fibrinitis

suppurative inflammation

proliferative inflammation

Local lesions are dominated by proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes

Inflammatory polyps are common in the nasal mucosa and cervix

Inflammatory pseudotumor is a well-defined tumor-like mass formed during chronic inflammation and proliferation.

Concept: Local inflammation is a chronic inflammation characterized by the proliferation of macrophages and the formation of well-defined nodular lesions.

Type 1. Infectious granuloma with caseous necrosis in the center 2. Foreign body granuloma

Composition 1. Epithelioid cells 2. Multinucleated giant cells 3. Foreign body multinucleated giant cells

1. Bacteremia bacteria enter the bloodstream from local lesions through lymphatic vessels or blood vessels, and there are no symptoms of systemic poisoning. 2. Toxins or toxic metabolites produced by toxemia bacteria are absorbed into the blood, causing systemic poisoning symptoms. 3. Septicemia bacteria enter the bloodstream from local lesions. After the lesions enter the blood, they multiply in large quantities and produce toxins in the blood, causing symptoms of systemic poisoning. 4. Septicemia Sepsis caused by pyogenic bacteria

benign tumors of epithelial tissue

Epithelial malignant tumors

Precancerous lesions

dysplasia

carcinoma in situ

benign mesenchymal tumors

mesenchymal malignant tumors

1. Teratoma, a common disease in men and women 2. Carcinosarcoma, the same tumor contains both cancer and sarcoma components

invade

transfer

lymphatic metastasis

Hematogenous metastasis

Implantation transfer

TNM staging system T stands for primary tumor site N stands for regional lymph node involvement M stands for hematogenous metastasis

Most benign tumors grow in such a way that they are less likely to recur after removal, such as uterine fibroids, lipomas

Both benign and malignant tumors can appear papillary, polypoid, cauliflower-like

The growth pattern of most malignant tumors, but hemangioma is a benign tumor

There is no capsule and no obvious boundaries. The tumor has poor mobility or is fixed. The scope of surgical resection should be expanded. Incomplete resection is prone to recurrence after surgery.

Differences in the spatial arrangement of tumor tissue and the normal tissue from which it originates

The main basis for diagnosing benign tumors

Pleomorphism of tumor cells

Tumor cell nuclear atypia

Characteristics of tumor cytoplasm

Ultrastructural characteristics of tumor cells

It is a new organism produced by the body due to excessive proliferation of local tissue cells or accompanied by differentiation disorders under various tumorigenic factors.

parenchymal tumor cells Interstitial connective tissue and blood vessels of tumors--supporting and nutrient functions