benzene

Alkanes

When racemic mixtures of chemicals are given to animals, Either metabolize stereoselectively to form two or more different identical isomeric products, or only one isomer is metabolism.

When the number of carbon atoms is the same, the unsaturated bonds increase and their toxicity increases. Increase.

Exogenous chemicals are structurally similar to substrates of active transport carriers and can Absorbed with the help of these specific carrier systems.

Solubility

size

Dispersion

Effect of lipid/water partition coefficient on toxicity

volatility

Effects of molecular weight, particle size and specific gravity on toxicity

Ionization and chargeability

The liver is divided into lobes;

Estrus;

number of somatic chromosomes

Pulse rate (beats/minute)

quantitative difference

qualitative difference

In 1990, the United States officially launched the Human Genome Project (Human Genome Project). Genome Project, HGP). In February 2001, six countries, the United States, Britain, Japan, France, Germany and China, Scientists and the American company Celera respectively released detailed maps of the human genome Spectrum

Phase I enzyme

Phase II enzyme

All macromolecules in the body will undergo corresponding changes after damage Repair system, its function is to remove the damaged part and then empty it The outgoing part is synthesized into a new part as it is and filled in, so that the original Some structures and functions have been restored. These processes are due to different Functional enzymes involved. Polymorphisms may also occur in various repair enzymes, There are obvious individual differences in repair function.

High susceptibility to toxic effects from genetic defects or genetic diseases

When the damage of a disease has the same effect as a certain chemical, exposure to the chemical will often intensify or accelerate the onset of the toxic effects.

Immune status that is too low or too high can have adverse consequences.

Adverse environmental conditions or stimuli that cause stress in animals can affect drug metabolism and distribution

1. Differences in biological transport.

2.Drug metabolizing enzyme system

3. Nervous system

1. Generally, males metabolize chemicals faster than females.

2. Gender differences in excretion

3. Gender differences are affected by hormones and genetic factors

The nutritional status of animals is recognized to have important effects on drug metabolism, distribution and. Toxicity has important consequences.

protein deficiency

fatty acid deficiency

Mineral and vitamin deficiencies

Changes in ambient temperature can cause varying degrees of physiological, Changes in biochemical systems and homeostasis systems, e.g. Ventilation, circulation, body fluids, intermediary metabolism, etc. and affect chemistry. Absorption, metabolism, and toxicity of substances.

58 compounds at different ambient temperatures (8°C, 26°C and 36°C C) Effect on rat LD50

Generally little change. Increased air pressure often affects the atmosphere Concentration of pollutants, reduced air pressure can result from lower oxygen partial pressure And increase the toxicity of CO.

Circadian rhythm is controlled by certain regulatory factors in the body;

It is regulated by external environmental factors such as eating, sleep, light, temperature, etc.;

It is related to the rhythm of hepatic glutathione concentration, and the circadian rhythm of glutathione concentration is related to feeding activity;

Seasonal differences are related to the hibernation response of animals or the climate of different geographical areas.

If every chemical acts in the same way, the same mechanism They act on the same target, but have different toxic effects. they The toxic effect on the body is equal to that of each chemical alone The arithmetic sum of the effects on the organism.

The chemicals do not affect each other's toxic effects, The mode of action and site of action may be different, and each chemical substances exhibit their own toxic effects. The summation of effects is caused by mixing summation determined by the sum of the reactions of each compound in the compound effect.

The total toxic effect of chemicals on the body is greater than the The sum of the toxic effects of individual chemicals on the body increases the toxicity. Strong, called synergy

A chemical is not toxic to an organ or system Sexual, but concurrently or sequentially with another chemical When the toxic effect is enhanced, it is called potentiation.

The combined toxic effects of chemicals on the body are low The sum of the individual toxic effects of each chemical is the antagonist Anti-effect.

The mechanism can be functional antagonism, chemical antagonism or killing Activity, disposal antagonism, receptor antagonism.