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sense organs

This is a mind map about sense organs, which are the physiological devices that enable sensory processes. This mind map summarizes the visual , vestibular cochlear organ The skin has three parts.

Edited at 2024-01-20 08:45:11

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sense organs

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sense organs

monitor

Eye

composition

eyeball

constitute

eyeball wall

layered

outside → inside

adventitia

fibrous membrane of eyeball

branch

Front part

cornea

Location

Occupies the first 1/6 of the fibrous membrane of the eyeball

Features

Colorless and transparent

Flexible

Avascular but rich in sensory nerve endings

The cornea has a large curvature, convex outside and concave inside, and has a refractive effect.

rear

sclera

Location

Occupies the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous membrane of the eyeball

form

scleral parenchyma

Location

near the limbus

microstructure

scleral sinus

form

ring

Location

Deep at the transition point between sclera and cornea

Function

aqueous fluid outflow channel

Structural features

Made of tough fibrous connective tissue, thick and tough

tunica media

vascular membrane

branch

front→back

iris

microstructure

central

pupil

form

round

Function

In low light or when looking at distant objects

pupils dilated

Under strong light or when looking at close objects

Pupils constrict to regulate the amount of light entering

between cornea and lens

eye room

branch

Anterior chamber

Features

Larger

special structure

iridocorneal angle

also known as

anterior chamber angle

Location

Surroundings of the anterior chamber

The junction of iris and cornea

form

ring area

back room

Features

smaller

around pupil

Peripheral arrangement

pupillary sphincter

radial arrangement

pupillary dilator muscle

ciliary body

Choroid

Structural features

Contains rich blood vessels, nerves and pigment cells, and is brown-black in color

retina

branch

front→back

Retina iris part

ciliary body

choroidal pars

also known as

retinal vision

layered

Outer layer

potential gap

Function

Anatomical basis of retinal detachment

inner layer

neural layer

composition

3 layers of nerve cells

Outer layer

cones

Function

Feeling the stimulation of strong light and color, which plays a major role in seeing objects during the day or in bright places

rod cells

Function

Feel the stimulation of low light, which plays an important role in seeing things at night or in dark places.

microstructure

optic disc

also known as

optic nerve head

Location

posterior retina slightly medial

origin of optic nerve

form

A clear, slightly white oval disk-shaped structure

central depression

Optic disc pit

also known as

physiological blind spots

microstructure

There are central retinal arteries and veins passing through, but no photoreceptor cells

About 3.5mm slightly inferior to the temporal side

macula

form

yellow community

constitute

Dense cones

form

central depression

fovea

Features

There are no blood vessels in this area

The most sensitive part of light sensitivity and color discrimination

Structural features

Close to the inner surface of the blood vessel membrane

contents of eyeball

composition

Aqueous humor

form

colorless transparent liquid

Location

Fill in the eye chamber

source

produced by ciliary body

From the posterior chamber of the eye to the pupil

Infiltration into scleral sinus inflow vein

Aqueous humor circulation system

way

The ciliary body generates aqueous humor → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → iridocorneal angle → scleral sinus → ophthalmic vein

Injury manifestations

Under pathological conditions, disordered aqueous humor metabolism or poor circulation can cause increased intraocular pressure, which is clinically called secondary glaucoma.

Function

Provides nutrients to the cornea and lens and maintains normal intraocular pressure

lens

form

The curvature changes depending on the distance of the object viewed

When looking at near objects

The ciliary muscle contracts (key), causing the ciliary process to extend inward and the ciliary zonules to relax.

The lens becomes convex due to its own elasticity

So that the light entering the eyeball can be focused on the retina

When looking at distant objects

The ciliary muscle relaxes, the ciliary process extends, and the ciliary zonules strengthen the traction on the lens.

The curvature of the lens becomes smaller

Image distant objects clearly.

Injury manifestations

cataract

If the lens becomes cloudy due to disease or trauma, it is called a cataract. Clinically, diabetic patients often suffer from cataracts and retinopathy.

Shortsighted

If the eye axis is long or the refractive power of the refractive device is too strong, the object image will fall in front of the retina.

Farsightedness

If the eye axis is short or the refractive power of the refractive device is too weak, the object image will fall behind the retina.

Presbyopia

As we age, the lens nucleus gradually enlarges, hardens, and loses elasticity, the ciliary muscle gradually atrophies, the lens's adjustment ability gradually weakens, making it difficult to see at close range, and presbyopia occurs.

Vitreous body

Injury manifestations

Floaters

Vaporization of the vitreous body

refractive system of eye

composition

Aqueous humor

lens

Vitreous body

cornea

Features

avascular

Colorless and transparent

Function

Has refractive effect

If this type of refractive structure is abnormal, the eyes will suffer from refractive problems such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

light propagation path

Cornea→Aqueous humor→Lens→vitreous body→ visual cells ↓ retinal bipolar cells ↓ Ganglion cells → optic nerve

Eye accessories

composition

tear organ

The drainage pathway of tears

Tears are produced in the lacrimal gland → pass through the excretory duct → superior conjunctival fornix → tear lake → puncta → lacrimal canaliculus → lacrimal sac → nasolacrimal duct → inferior meatus

vestibular cochlear apparatus

also known as

Ear

composition

external ear

composition

eardrum

status

The boundary between the outer ear and the middle ear

Function

When an adult examines the eardrum, the auricle must be pulled back and upward

middle ear

composition

tympanum

surrounded

wall of tympanum

lateral wall

also known as

tympanic membrane wall

medial wall

also known as

labyrinth wall

adjacent to

There is a convex facial nerve canal through which the facial nerve passes.

upper wall

also known as

cover wall

lower wall

also known as

jugular vein wall

front wall

also known as

carotid artery wall

adjacent to

Eustachian tube opening above

back wall

mastoid wall

adjacent to

The mastoid antrum communicates with the mastoid chamber

structures within the tympanum

composition

ossicle chain

composition

It consists of the malleus, incus and stapes connected by joints

Function

Pass sound waves felt by the eardrum into the inner ear

Eustachian tube

status

Channel connecting the nasopharynx and tympanum

Features

Eustachian tube in young children

It is shorter and flatter than adults, and has a larger diameter and is closer to the horizontal position. Therefore, pharyngeal infection can easily invade the tympanum through the Eustachian tube and cause otitis media.

Function

Make the air pressure in the tympanic cavity equal to the external atmospheric pressure to maintain a balance between the tympanic membrane and external pressure

inner ear

Features

Irregular shape and complex structure

also known as

get lost

composition

bony labyrinth

composition

Cochlea

vestibule

bony semicircular canals

membranous labyrinth

composition

cochlear duct

branch

upper wall

lateral wall

lower wall

microstructure

auditory receptors

spiralizer

utricle and saccule

microstructure

position receptor

composition

utricle macula

Location

on the utricle

glomus macula

Location

on the balloon

Function

接受直线加速或减速运动的刺激

membrane semicircular canals

microstructure

position receptor

crista ampullae

Location

Corresponding membranous ampullar wall

Function

Receive stimulation from changes in head position and the start and end of rotational movements

sound conduction

air conduction

status

Under normal circumstances, air conduction is the main

path

Sound waves → auricle → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane → ossicular chain → vestibular window → scala tympani perilymph → cochlear endolymph → spiral organ → auditory nerve → auditory center of the brain

bone conduction

path

Sound waves and vibrations of the eardrum → Skull and bony labyrinth → Cochlear endolymph → Spiral organ → Hearing

other receptors

skin

composition

Shallow layer

epidermis

layered

basal layer cells

Function

Has strong ability to divide and grow

Deep

Genuine Leather

microstructure

within the skin

subsidiary structure

hair

Function

The growth point is the hair ball

Function

intradermal injection

It is to inject the medicinal liquid between the epidermis and dermis

subcutaneous injection

Inject the drug solution into the subcutaneous tissue