1What is personality
Definition of personality
Personality can be defined as the stable patterns of behavior and internal processes that arise from the individual himself
Six schools of personality
Two examples: aggression and depression
Personality and Culture
Individualistic cultures are strong in individual needs and achievements. People living in this culture tend to see themselves as independent, unique people.
People in collectivistic cultures tend to identify themselves with a larger group, such as family, religion, and nation.
Personality Research: Theory, Application, Evaluation, and Research
theory
Genetic and environmental influences
Does consciousness determine behavior or does unconsciousness determine behavior?
free will and determinism
2Personality research methods
Hypothesis-Testing Method
Manipulated and unmanipulated independent variables
Prediction and explanation beforehand
case study method
Limitations of the case study method
It is difficult to infer from individual cases to others
Difficult to determine cause and effect.
Researchers' subjective judgment often hinders scientific objectivity
Advantages of case study method
Suitable for investigating some rare cases
When researchers believe that the individuals they are studying are not essentially different from normal people in the dimensions that need to be examined, the case method is also suitable.
The case approach is also appropriate when describing a treatment approach.
Researchers may use the case method simply to demonstrate some possibilities.
Statistical analysis of data
personality assessment
validity
Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures something consistent with what it is intended to measure.
3 Psychoanalytic schools: Freud’s theory, application and evaluation
Freud discovered the unconscious
Freud's theory of personality
anatomical model
Consciousness, preconsciousness and unconsciousness
structural model
superego
moral anxiety and moral anxiety
Life instinct and death instinct
psychosexual development stages
Genital stage 3-6 years old
Uncovering unconscious content
Freud's slip of the tongue
Application: psychoanalysis
Evaluation: Projective Test
Types of projective tests
Comments on projective testing
Advantages and Criticisms of Freud's Theory
4 Freudian School: Related Research
Dream Interpretation
interpretation of evidence
defense mechanism
Definition and Measurement of Defense Mechanisms
developmental differences
humor
A study of Freud's theory of humor
Use hostile humor to reduce aggression
Interpretation of research results
Hypnosis
What is hypnosis?
Theories influenced by psychoanalytic perspectives
social cognitive theory of hypnosis
susceptibility to hypnosis
5 Schools of Psychoanalysis: Theory, Application and Evaluation of Freudism
Limitations and Weaknesses of Freud's Theory
Alfred Adler
Parental influence on personality development
Carl Jung
some important prototypes
Evidence for the collective unconscious
Eric Erikson
life-long development of personality
Infancy 0-2 years old: basic trust vs. distrust.
Toddlerhood 2-4 years: Autonomy versus shyness and doubt
Preschool years 4-7 years: Initiative versus guilt
School age 7-12: Sense of diligence versus sense of inferiority.
Adolescence 12-18: Identity versus role confusion
Early adulthood 18-25: Intimacy versus loneliness
Middle adulthood 25-50: Sense of reproduction versus stagnation
Old age after 50: sense of self-integrity versus despair
Karen Horney
neurosis
break away from the crowd
Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion
Rating: Personal Narrative
Measuring personality using personal narratives
Sense of reproduction and life experience
Advantages and Criticisms of Neo-Freudianism
6 Neo-Freudian Theory: Related Research
Anxiety and coping strategies
Types of coping strategies
active role strategy
emotion-centered strategies
The effectiveness of coping strategies
Psychoanalytic Concepts and Attacks
alternative attack
triggered substitution attack
Attachment styles and adult relationships
Object relations theory and attachment theory
Other models and measurements
Attachment styles and love relationships
7 Trait Schools: Theory, Application and Evaluation
trait theory
Personality is composed of different trait dimensions
Characteristics of trait theory
famous trait theorist
Gordon Allport
Basic strategies for studying personality
general law research method
special law research method
Healthy personality concept
Factor analysis and exploration of personality structure
Criticisms of the Big Five Model and Its Limitations
The debate between situation theory and trait theory
Criticism of trait theory
Tailor-made measurements do not accurately predict behavior
No evidence to support cross-situational consistency
A defense of personality traits
Application: The “Big Five” in the workplace
Evaluation: self-report questionnaire
Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory
Problems with self-report questionnaires
Perfunctory and troublemaking
Advantages and Criticisms of the Trait School
8 Trait Genres: Related Research
achievement motivation
Characteristics of Highly Achievement Motivators
predictions of successful behavior
gender, culture and achievement
Type A personality, hostility and health
Type A as a personality variable
social anxiety
Characteristics of someone with social anxiety
9 Schools of Biology: Theory, Application and Evaluation
Hans Eysenck's theory of personality
personality structure
extroversion introversion
Physiological Differences: Stimulus Sensitivity and Behavioral Systems
reinforcement sensitivity theory
behavioral system
Behavioral approach to the system
behavioral inhibition system
biological basis of personality
temperament
Temperament and Personality
Inhibited and non-inhibited children
evolutionary personality psychology
Natural selection and psychological mechanisms
Anxiety and social exclusion
Application: Children's temperament and school education
Temperament and academic performance
Evaluation: Electrical activity and brain asymmetry
Brain activity measurement
Individual differences in brain asymmetry
Advantages and Criticisms of Biological Schools
10 Schools of Biology: Related Research
Heritability of personality traits
Separate environmental and genetic influences
Problems in genetic research
extroversion-introversion
The heritability of extraversion
Extraversion and preferred arousal level
Extraversion and happiness
Evolutionary personality theory and mate selection
What does a man want in a woman?
What do women want in a man?
Conclusions and limitations
11 Humanistic Schools: Theory, Application and Evaluation
The origins of humanistic psychology
Basic elements of the humanistic school
phenomenology of the individual
Carl Rogers
anxiety and defensiveness
Conditional appreciation and unconditional positive regard
Abraham Maslow
motivations and needs hierarchy
Misunderstandings about Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Research on mentally healthy people
The psychology of optimal experience
Optimum experience and joy in daily activities
Application: Person-centered therapy and job satisfaction
job satisfaction and hierarchy of needs
Evaluation: Q-sort technology
Advantages and Criticisms of Humanistic Theory
12 Schools of Humanism: Related Research
self-disclosure
Self-disclosure among friends and lovers
Gender differences in self-disclosure
Disclosure of traumatic experiences
Lonely
Defining and measuring loneliness
chronically lonely person
self-esteem
Self-esteem and reactions to failure
alone
Individual differences in preference for solitude
13 Behaviorism/Social Learning School: Theory, Application and Evaluation
Basic principles of conditioned reflexes
operant conditioning
Generalization and differentiation
Roth_social learning theory
Social Cognitive Theory Bandura
Imagination and self-regulation
Application: Behavior modification and self-efficacy therapy
Explanation of psychological disorders
behavior modification
Application of classical conditioning
Application of operant conditioning
Evaluation: Behavioral Observation Method
Advantages and Criticisms of the Behaviorist/Social Learning School
14 Behaviorism/Social Learning School: Related Research
Individual differences in gender role behavior
Gender type and mental health.
Gender types and relationships
aggressive observational learning
Bandura's four-step model
Media violence and aggression
learned helplessness
Human learned helplessness
Applications of learned helplessness
The habitual helplessness of the elderly
Learned helplessness and psychological disorders
control point
Locus of control and happiness
Locus of control and health
15 Cognitive schools: theory, application and evaluation
personal construct theory
Scientist's point of view
personal construction system
cognitive personality variables
cognitive representation of self
Application: Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy
Evaluation: Rotating Presentation Grid Method
Advantages and Criticisms of the Cognitive School
16 Cognitive Schools: Related Research
Cognition and aggression
Reactive aggression in boys
Gender, memory and interpretation
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