MindMap Gallery Histology and Embryoology
This mind map focuses on blood-related knowledge and develops from the aspects of blood composition, blood cells, hematopoietic tissue and hematopoietic cells. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Edited at 2025-03-09 23:42:52Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
blood
composition
Blood cells (45%)
Blood image
Results of determination of morphology, number, percentage and hemoglobin content of blood cells
Methods for observing blood cell morphology
Wright or Giemsa staining
Classification
Red blood cells
leukocyte
Platelets
Plasma (55%)
Red blood cells
form
Double concave disc-shaped, thin center, thick periphery (the center of the blood smear is light red)
No nucleus, no organelles, the cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin
characteristic
Morphological variability
Can be changed to pass capillaries smaller than their own diameter
principle
Cell membrane is fixed to the erythrocyte skeleton (main components are spectrin and actin, which can be deformed)
ABO antigen on the membrane
Miscopy of blood types can lead to antigen-antibody binding, rupture of the red blood cell membrane, and hemoglobin escape (hemolysis)
Lifespan is about 120 days
Reticulum erythrocytes
Improved blood cells, some of the ribosomes remain in the cell, and the tar blue staining is finely reticular
Clinical significance
Evaluation of bone marrow hematopoietic function and efficacy of anemia
leukocyte
There are granules in the cytoplasm
Neutrophils
The largest number of white blood cells
Features
The nucleus is deeply stained with curved rods or lobes (nucleus leaves are proportional to the time the cells live in the blood flow)
The core moves left (1 to 2 leaves)
Severe bacterial infection
Right-shifting of the nucleus (4-5 leaves)
Bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction
Cytoplasm
Sky-eating granules
Light purple
A lysosome that digests phagocytosis of bacterial foreign matter
Special particles
Light red
Secretion granules, containing lysozyme, phagocytide/defensin (bactericidal effect)
Function
Chemotaxis and phagocytosis
Can be converted into pus cells
Barophilic granulocytes
The smallest number of white blood cells
Features
Nucleus leaves, S or irregular
The cytoplasm contains basophilic particles with varying sizes and uneven distribution, which can be dyed blue-purple
Contains heparin, histamine, neutrophil chemokines, etc.
Function
Participate in allergic reactions
eosinophils
Features
Nuclear division 2 leaves
The cytoplasm is filled with bright red eosinophilic particles (special lysosomes)
Cationic protein
It has a killing effect on parasites
Histaminease
Aryl sulfate lipoase
Inactivated leukotriene
Under EM, rectangular crystals can be seen in the particle matrix.
Able to deform and have chemotaxis
Function
Inhibit allergic reactions
No granules in the cytoplasm
Mononuclear cells
The largest volume in leukocytes
Features
Nucleus is kidney, horseshoe or irregular, chromatin particles are fine and loose, and lightly stained
The cytoplasm is weakly basophilic and gray-blue, containing a large number of fine lilac azure granules
Function
After entering connective tissue, differentiation into macrophages
Lymphocytes
Features
Rich in free ribosomes under EM
Classification
By source, different shape
Thymus-dependent lymphocytes
Caused in the thyroid gland
Bone marrow-dependent lymphocytes
Caused from the bone marrow
Natural killer cells
Nonspecific immunity
By size
Small lymphocytes
Strong basophilic, deep chromatin coloration
Middle lymphocytes
Chromatin coloration slightly lighter
Large lymphocytes
Function
Participate in immune response
Platelets
source
Small cytoplasmic mass that falls from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Features
LM
It is a double-concave disc-shaped, and it often gathers in groups in blood smears
Particle area (the center contains blue-purple platelet particles) and transparent area
EM
Adsorbed plasma proteins on the surface
The transparent area contains microfilament microtubules, and the particle area contains special (α) particles, dense particles, and lysosomes.
There are open tubular systems and dense tubular systems
Function
Participate in coagulation and stopping blood
marrow
Overview
The earliest hematopoiesis was in the blood island at the yolk sac and other places at the third week of the embryo
In the 6th week, hematopoietic stem cells were transferred to the liver, and in the 12th week, the spleen began to participate in hematopoiesis.
Later stage of embryo and after birth, mainly hematopoiesis in red bone marrow
constitute
Red bone marrow
Hematopoietic tissue
composition
Mesh tissue
Hematopoietic cells
The environment on which it depends is called the hematopoietic induced microenvironment, which is mainly composed of stromal cells.
Naive red blood cells attach to the surface of macrophages near the blood sinus, forming the island of young red blood cells
Matrix cells
Blood sinus
It is a capillary with large lumen and irregular shape
Endothelial cells have large gaps, incomplete basement membrane, and are intermittent, which is conducive to the passage of mature red blood cells.
Yellow bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells
This cell originates from the yolk sac blood island, and migrates into the fetal liver, spleen and bone marrow with the blood flow. It mainly exists after birth In red bone marrow, very small amounts are present in peripheral blood
Characteristics: 1. Strong proliferation potential 2. Multi-directional differentiation ability 3. Self-renewal ability
Hematopoietic progenitor cells
Stem cells determined by the differentiation direction from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, also known as directed stem cells
lymph
constitute
Lymph
Partial exudate of plasma at the end of the capillary artery
Lymphocytes
Features
Cylogranules are often contained in small intestinal lymph
Liver lymph contains a lot of plasma protein