MindMap Gallery Statistics (4th edition) Introduction
Introduction to statistics, including statistics and its application fields, types of statistical data, Several basic concepts in statistics, etc.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Introduction to Statistics (4th Edition)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Statistics and its application areas
what is statistics
concept
is a method of collecting, processing, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions from data
Statistical analysis methods
Descriptive statistical methods
It is a statistical method of data collection, processing, summary, chart description, summary and analysis.
inferential statistical methods
It is a statistical method that studies how to use sample data to infer population characteristics.
Application areas of statistics
1.Enterprise development strategy
2. Product quality management
3.Market research
4.Financial analysis
5. Economic Forecast
6.Human resources management
Types of statistics
According to statistical scale
Classified data
It is non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain category. It is the result of classifying things. The data is expressed in categories and is expressed in words.
sequential data
It is non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain ordered category.
Numerical data
An observation measured on a numerical scale, the result of which is expressed as a specific numerical value
According to collection method
data observation
It is data collected through surveys or observations. This type of data is obtained without human control of things. Statistical data about social and economic phenomena are almost all observation data.
Experimental data
Data collected by controlling subjects in an experiment
Status by time
cross-sectional data
It is data collected at the same or approximately the same time point. This type of data is usually obtained in different spaces to describe the changes of phenomena at a certain moment.
time series data
It is data collected at different times. This type of data is collected in chronological order and is used to describe changes in phenomena over time.
Several basic concepts in statistics
population and sample
overall
The collection containing all individuals (data) studied. Each element that makes up the whole is called an individual
finite population
The results of the previous sampling will affect the results of the second sampling.
infinite population
Sampling one unit each time does not affect the next sampling result.
sample
It is a set of elements extracted from the population. The number of elements that make up the sample is called the sample size.
The purpose of sampling is to infer the characteristics of the population based on the information provided by the sample
Parameters and Statistics
Parameter is a general numerical measure used to describe the characteristics of the population. It is a certain characteristic value of the population that the researcher wants to understand. m,s,p
A statistic is a general numerical measure used to describe the characteristics of a sample. It is a quantity calculated based on sample data. Since sampling is random, the statistic is a function of the sample. `´, s, p
variable
It is a concept that describes certain characteristics of a phenomenon, which are characterized by differences or changes in the results from one observation to the next. Statistics are certain values of statistical variables.
type
Categorical variables
ordinal variable
Numeric variable
discrete variable
continuous variable
Other angle classifications
Random and non-random variables
experience variables
theoretical variables