MindMap Gallery Nervous tissue and system
The latest version of the mind map of neural organizations and systems is here! Types of nervous tissue, components of the nervous system! It’s full of useful information, friends in need should quickly collect it!
Edited at 2023-12-23 18:24:13This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Nervous tissue and system
type of nervous tissue
Neurons
Neuron structure and function
cell body
cell membrane
cell nucleus
cytoplasm
Nislsite
neurofibrils
Neurotransmitters
Neuromodulators
Neurofilaments
lipofuscin
microtubules
microfilament
dendrites
dendritic spines
Spiny organ
axon
axis hillock
subtopic
Axial membrane
Axoplasm
Axial flow
Material exchange occurs between the axon and the cytoplasm through axonal flow. This material transport within the axon is called axonal transport.
Shipping speeds vary
rapid axonal transport
slow axonal transport
Different transportation methods
Orthodromic axonal transport
retrograde axonal transport
axon terminal
synapse
chemical synapse
Using chemicals (neurotransmitters) as a medium of communication
Type 丨 synapse (excitatory synapse)
The dense material attached to the cytoplasmic surface of the postsynaptic membrane is thicker than the presynaptic membrane. The two are asymmetrical and the synaptic gap is also wider, so it is called an asymmetric synapse.
Type II synapses (inhibitory synapses)
The presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane have less dense material, similar thickness, and the synaptic cleft is narrow, which is called a symmetrical synapse.
electrical synapse
Gap connection, using current (electrical signal) as a carrier of information
The electrical synapse has low resistance and good permeability, and local current can easily pass through it. It has the characteristics of rapid two-way transmission and can promote the synchronous activity of neurons.
Classification of neurons
According to the number of points of the protrusion
multipolar neuron
One axon, many dendrites
bipolar neurons
a dendrite, an axon
pseudounipolar neuron
The cell body sends out a process, which is divided into two branches in a T shape not far from the cell body. One branch is distributed to other peripheral tissues and organs, called the peripheral process, and the other one enters the central nervous system, called the central process.
According to the length of neuron axon
Golgi type neuron
Large neurons with long synapses (can be more than a meter long)
Golgi type II neurons
Small neurons (just a few microns) with short synapses
According to the function of neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
Most of them are pseudo-unipolar neurons, which receive chemical or physical stimulation from inside and outside the body and transmit information to the central nervous system.
Motor neurons (efferent neurons)
Generally multipolar neurons, transmit nerve impulses to muscle cells or gland cells
interneurons
Most of them are multipolar neurons, located between the first two types of neurons, which play the role of information processing and transmission.
According to the chemical properties of neurotransmitters or neurotransmitters released by neurons
cholinergic neurons
Release acetylcholine
noradrenergic neurons
Release norepinephrine
aminergic neurons
Releases dopamine, etc.
aminoacidergic neurons
Release gamma-aminobutyric acid, etc.
peptidergic neurons
Release enkephalins, etc.
Types of neurotransmitters
Cholines
acetylcholine
Amines
Such as norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, etc.
Amino acids
Such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine and glutamic acid, etc.
Gases
Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide
Peptides
Such as calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, enkephalin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, vasopressin and hypothalamic releasing hormone, etc., about 60 kinds
Some neuropeptides are also found in the endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, so they are collectively called brain-gut peptides.
Glial cells
Glial cells of the central nervous system
astrocytes
fibrous astrocytes
Mostly distributed in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, its cell processes are long and straight, with few branches, smooth surface, and rich glial filaments.
protoplasmic astrocytes
Mostly distributed in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, the cell processes are short and thick, with many branches, the surface is not smooth, and there are few glial filaments in the cytoplasm.
oligodendrocytes
a
Have phagocytic function
ependymal cells
peripheral nervous system glial cells
Schwann cells
Promote peripheral nerve regeneration, promote the survival of injured neurons and their axon regeneration
Satellite cells (tunic cells)
neural stem cells
The neuroepithelial stem cell protein (nesin) contained in the cytoplasm is one of the commonly used markers for detecting neural stem cells.
nerve fibers
myelinated nerve fibers
Myelinated nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system
internodal body
The myelin sheath is formed by a Schwann cell concentrically surrounding the scroll process.
Lang Feijie
Myelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system
The myelin sheath is formed by the footplate wrapping the scroll process at the end of the process of oligodendrocytes. There is no basement membrane on the surface of the nerve fiber, and there is no myelin notch in the myelin sheath.
unmyelinated nerve fibers
unmyelinated nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system
It is composed of the tiny axon of the neuron and the Schwann cells surrounding it. The Schwann cells have a basement membrane outside.
unmyelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system
No base film
nerve
Classification
sensory nerves
motor nerve
mixed nerve
structure
epineurium
nerve fiber bundle
perineurium
nerve fibers
endoneurium
nerve endings
sensory nerve endings
free nerve endings
Feel cold, heat, light touch and painful stimulation
capsulated nerve endings
tactile corpuscle
feel touch
toroidal body
Feel pressure and vibration
muscle spindle
Proprioceptors mainly sense the stretching changes of muscle fibers and play an important role in regulating the activity of skeletal muscles.
motor nerve endings
somatic motor nerve endings
visceral motor nerve endings
Degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
Collapse
retrograde collapse
Anterograde collapse
regeneration
The survival of injured neuron cell bodies is dependent on the regeneration of nerve fibers
Because central nerve fibers do not have Schwann cells or basement membrane wrapping, and there are axon regeneration inhibitory molecules in the microenvironment, regeneration is more difficult than that of peripheral nerve fibers.
nervous system components
Central Nervous System
cerebral cortex
Types of neurons in the cerebral cortex
are multipolar neurons
pyramidal cells
big
middle
Small
huge
granulosa cells
Astrocytes (most)
horizontal cells
Basket cells
chandelier cells
double brush cells
glial-like cells
ascending axonal cells
spindle cells
Layering of cerebral cortex
molecular layer
Neurons are small and few, mainly horizontal cells and astrocytes, and there are many nerve fibers parallel to the cortical surface
outer granular layer
Mainly composed of many astrocytes, basket cells and a small number of small pyramidal cells
outer pyramidal cell layer
The cell layer is thick and consists of many medium and small pyramidal cells and astrocytes.
inner granular layer
Densely packed cells, mostly astrocytes
inner pyramidal cell layer
Composed mainly of medium and large pyramidal cells
polymorphous cell layer
Mainly spindle cells, as well as vertebral cells and granule cells
Cortical neuron connections
neural circuit
Various information transmission pathways formed by neurons through synaptic connections
cerebellar cortex
Neurons and layering of the cerebellar cortex
Astrocytes, basket cells, Purkinje cells, granule cells, Golgi cells
Molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granular layer
Cerebellar cortical neuron connections
Among the five types of neurons in the cerebellum, Purkinje cells are the only efferent neurons. The five types of neurons form a complex circuit in the cortex, excitating or inhibiting Purkinje cells, and ultimately regulating Purkinje cells. activity
The afferent fibers of the cerebellum mainly include climbing fibers, mossy fibers, and monoaminergic fibers.
spinal cord gray matter
front corner
Contains mainly anterior horn motor neurons
back corner
The types of neurons are complex, mostly small neurons that mainly receive nerve impulses from posterior root fibers.
side angle
Mainly contains medium-sized neurons, which are visceral motor neurons and preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.
Meninges, choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid
meninges
dura mater
arachnoid membrane
Soft film
choroid plexus
The main function is to secrete cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid nourishes and protects the brain and spinal cord, and plays a role in the regulation of the neuroendocrine system
brain barrier
blood-brain barrier
Mainly composed of brain capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane and glial membrane
It can mechanically prevent a variety of substances, such as toxins, certain non-fat-soluble drugs, and other substances from entering the brain.
blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Mainly composed of choroid plexus epithelium and choroid plexus capillary endothelium
It can selectively prevent certain substances in the blood from entering the cerebrospinal fluid and keep the components of the cerebrospinal fluid relatively stable.
cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier
It is mainly composed of the pia mater on the brain surface, the glial membrane and the ependyma of the ventricles.
A barrier structure that selectively prevents certain substances from entering the brain from the cerebrospinal fluid
peripheral nervous system
Ganglion
cerebrospinal ganglion
sensory ganglion
autonomic ganglion
multipolar motor neurons
sympathetic ganglion
Located on both sides and in front of the spine
parasympathetic ganglion
located near or within an organ
nerve
nerve endings