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MindMap Gallery Immunology prevention and treatment mind map
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Immunology prevention and treatment mind map
This is a thought map about immunological prevention and treatment, including immune prevention (active immunity), immunotherapy (passive immunity), etc.
Edited at 2023-11-16 17:28:17
Immunology prevention and treatment mind map
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Immunological prevention and treatment
Immunoprophylaxis (active immunization)
vaccine
basic requirements
Safe, effective and practical
Classification
first generation
Inactivated vaccine (killed vaccine)
advantage
Easy to prepare, relatively stable and easy to store
shortcoming
Multiple vaccinations are needed to obtain better immunity
Mainly induces humoral immune response, the immune effect has certain limitations
Common inactivated vaccines
Typhoid, cholera, whooping cough, meningitis, Japanese encephalitis
live attenuated vaccine
advantage
Small vaccination dose
The immune effect is good. One injection can provide immune protection for 3-5 years or even longer.
Simultaneous induction of humoral and cellular immunity
shortcoming
Difficult to store, improper storage will make the vaccine ineffective
Possibility of mutation and restoration of virulence
Common live attenuated vaccines
Polio vaccine, BCG vaccine, etc.
toxoid vaccine
Induces the body to produce specific antibodies (antitoxins) after vaccination
Common toxoid vaccines
Diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, etc.
second generation
subunit vaccine
conjugate vaccine
DNA/RNA vaccines
Recombinant vector vaccine
Third Generation
Synthetic peptide vaccines
Hapten-carrier effect
Supplemented with adjuvants to improve immunogenicity
edible vaccine
mucosal vaccine
transdermal vaccine
Recognized, processed and presented to T cells by epidermal APCs
Therapeutic vaccines
Mainly used for chronic infections, tumors, autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection
Children's immunization plan - five vaccines and seven diseases
BCG-tuberculosis
Polio Vaccine – Poliomyelitis (Poliomyelitis)
Measles Vaccine – Measles
Hepatitis B Vaccine - Hepatitis B
Diphtheria and pertussis vaccine - diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
Adjuvant
non-specific immune enhancer
Significantly enhance the immune effect after vaccination, or change the type of immune response
Can enhance and prolong vaccine-induced immune response, reduce antigen dosage and number of vaccinations
Improve the immune efficacy of vaccines in newborns, the elderly and people with low immune function
Adjuvants for human use - aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate, Bacillus pertussis
Animal adjuvants - Freund's adjuvant, BCG, muramyl dipeptide, liposomes
Immunotherapy (passive immunity)
Antitoxin - polyclonal antibody
Immune serum prepared by immunizing animals with bacterial exotoxins or toxoids
Principles of use: Early use, sufficient dosage, and prevention of hypersensitivity reactions
Commonly used ones include tetanus antitoxin and diphtheria antitoxin
human immunoglobulin preparation
Contains antibodies to infectious pathogens that are often prevalent in normal people and is used for the emergency prevention and treatment of viral infectious diseases.
Provide certain passive immunity to patients with low or even absent humoral immunity to avoid infection
Cytokine preparations
New immunotherapy preparations for the treatment of tumors and AIDS
Commonly used: IFN-y, TNF-a, G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-2, etc.
Monoclonal antibody preparations
Anti-CD20 antibody—for depleting B-cell tumors
Anti-TNF-a antibodies – used to block inflammation
Antibody targeted therapy—uses tumor antibodies as carriers to carry therapeutic substances such as radionuclides, chemotherapy drugs, and toxins to the local tumor
cell vaccine
Tumor cell vaccine, genetically modified tumor cell vaccine, DC cell vaccine
Adoptive immune cell therapy
stem cell transplant
Source of graft
Bone marrow - HSC: large in number, ideal source
Peripheral blood-HSC: small amount, but easy to collect
Graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) may occur in transplantation
immune booster
BCG vaccine, thymosin
immunosuppressant
Glucocorticoid, cyclosporine A