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MindMap Gallery Appreciation and review of Chinese and foreign art
- 35
Appreciation and review of Chinese and foreign art
Hunan University MOOC, a mind map for appreciating Chinese and foreign art works, covering detailed contents such as French art movement, 20th century art, Eastern and Western art, Van Gogh, the integration of Chinese and Western art since the 20th century, artistic cultivation and life vision, Chinese traditional art, art category, Egypt, "Four Ancients" art, medieval feudal art, Italian Renaissance, etc.
Edited at 2025-09-23 12:00:04
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Appreciation and review of Chinese and foreign art
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Traditional Chinese art
Art of the Primitive Period
The Origin of Art
Decoration says
It is believed that art originated from decoration. If primitive people wanted to decorate their life scenes, they used various decorative techniques to create their comfortable and beautiful spaces, so art arises with the requirements of such decoration.
Game says
The primitive people's game activities or fun acts carried out by various happy events such as celebrating harvests to express their praise of life, and art emerged in the process of this game.
Labor theory
Labor creates everything, and naturally includes art. This is the most basic point of view expressed from the perspective of materialism.
Imitation theory
Primitive people imitate nature, imitate the various behaviors they see and perceive in their lives, and express them with artistic techniques.
religion
Totem worship
The earliest concept of witchcraft was totem worship, which was the earliest form of religion, and it was marked by the concept of totem. Totem is Indian and also a transliteration of Indian, toten, which means relatives and marks. Many clan primitives believed that each clan originated from various specific species, most of which were animals, plants, and a few were natural climate phenomena. Art emerged in the process of portraying the totem
Basic rules of artistic modeling characteristics
From not fixed to fixed
From untidy to neat
From asymmetry to symmetry
Painted pottery art
It can be proved that in many places, even in all places, pottery occurs by coating clay on knitting or wooden containers. The purpose is to make them fire-resistant. When the fire burns and the knitting or wooden objects disappear, people find that the molded clay in container-shaped form can also achieve the same purpose, and pottery is produced.
It is divided into painted pottery, red pottery (containing iron), gray pottery (weak reduction atmosphere), black pottery (strong reduction atmosphere), white pottery (iron content is less than 2%), and printed pottery
Original people-oriented realistic aesthetic thoughts
Arts from the slave society
The clan disintegration and enters feudal society, Xia, Shang and Zhou
Bronze Art
Made of smelting and casting with an alloy of red copper and tin (sometimes containing a small amount of lead) as raw materials, it is referred to as copper ware for short
The relics of bronze are artistic treasures that combine painting, sculpture, arts and crafts.
Bronze ware not only has diverse shapes, but also has varied decorative techniques. The casting technology reflects the highest level at that time.
In the slave society, characters and animals from myths and fantasies appeared in bronze art works. It can be said that artists fully utilized their imagination and idealized the things they expressed. This creative method embodies the obvious romantic idea. However, this romantic idea is still combined with real life.
Romanticism with realism
Representative: Four Sheep Square Zun
Arts from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
Silk painting
Representative: Feng Kui Beauty (the earliest existing silk painting in my country), a dragon-controlling figure
lacquerware
During the Warring States Period, developments were progressing rapidly, generally red and or black, red-based red-based black-based red-based black-based black-based pattern, usually red-based black-based pattern
Dyeing and weaving
Jade
During the Spring and Autumn Period, small pieces are mostly used, and symbolic techniques are used to express them.
During the Warring States Period, the budding of socialism appeared in jade, mostly for daily life or decoration products.
Arts from the Qin and Han Dynasties
architecture
Majestic and great, magnificent
Representatives: Qin Great Wall, Afang Palace, Terracotta Warriors
sculpture
Representatives: Eastern Han acrobatic figurines, Eastern Han rap figurines, Eastern Han opera figurines
The Han Dynasty pottery figurines have changed from aristocratic to mythological transformation to more lifelike, leisure and entertainment.
Han painting
Fearing that murals cannot be maintained for a long time, they are carved on stones and carved on stones, but unlike sculptures, they are only available in the Han Dynasty, so they are called Han paintings.
Representative: Banquet and entertainment pictures, Six Immortals, Harvest
Main content
1||| The historical story theme of feudal ethics
2||| The lifestyle of landlords and nobles
3||| The image of the representative figure of the landlord and noble
4||| Themes of religious superstition and mythology
Arts during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The great integration of cultures among all ethnic groups, carrying forward the past and opening up the future
Features
The introduction of Buddhist art
Grotto art
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
Intellectual professional painters have stepped onto the stage of history and brought new art
Landscape painting becomes independent and develops
Character painting flourishes
At this time, the figure painting is mainly Buddhist figure painting
Gu Kaizhi
Use form to describe the spirit, and it is wonderful to change your thoughts
Arts from the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges are frequent, Buddhism continues to develop, and other religions, music and dance are also introduced to China
Combination of realism and romanticism
feature
Figure painting has achieved outstanding achievements in national artistic style
Wu Daozi
The painters of the Tang Dynasty marked the end of the foreign style and the establishment of a new national style
There is no painting of Wu Daozi, but there are copies
Advantages
Pay attention to the description of eyes
Pay attention to exaggerated techniques
Oppose formulaicity and focus on expressing different characteristics of different characters in real life
Good at using pens and lines
Zhou Fang
Zhou Fang, born in a family of officials, was a nobleman who came and went to the families of nobles and ministers.
In his early years, he studied at Zhang Xuan and was a famous painter who later represented aristocratic women. The clothes are simple and vigorous, with soft and beautiful colors, and are rich in shape.
Flower and bird paintings start, colorful
Landscape paintings have created new forms and styles
The earliest existing landscape painting is Zhan Ziqian's "Spring Outing" by the Sui Dynasty
Golden mountains and rivers
The three main colors of gold, stone blue and stone green are called tricolor paintings, which are used to outline the outline of the mountain, the texture of the stone, the foot of the hillside, and the outline of the palace building towers and city pavilions.
Green mountains and water
Landscape paintings made of stone green and stone green are not muddy gold, and are divided into big green and small green.
Zhang Yanyuan
Combining history and theory creates a complete system for writing general history of painting
"Records of Famous Paintings of All Ages" has long been regarded as the first systematic and complete general history of painting in China. It has the nature of an "encyclopedia" of painting at that time. It has a milestone significance in the development of Chinese painting history.
Use ink and five colors to form, which is called obtaining the meaning
Arts from the Five Dynasties, Song and Liao Dynasties
Achievement
Landscape, flowers and bird paintings dominate
The Academy of Painting was established
The Academy of Painting in the Song Dynasty was the heyday of the Chinese feudal society's painting academy, especially the establishment of the Royal Academy of Painting in the period of Emperor Huizong of Song (Zhao Ji). It has made great achievements and experience in painting talents and painting education in feudal society.
The Royal Academy of Painting must pass the Imperial Academy exam, and the entrance exam is mainly based on setting questions and painting. For example, with a certain Tang poem as the title, "Going back on the flowers and leaving the fragrance of horse hooves", "No one crosses the wild water, and a lonely boat lingers alone", "Ancient temples hidden in the deep mountains"
Literary paintings flourish
Su Shi's "Picture of Bamboo and Stone in the Dead Forest", Wen Tong, Wang Jinqing, Li Gonglin and other representatives
Features
Advocate the combination of poetry, calligraphy and painting
Advocate that you should have ideological character in painting, such as plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum
Romantic creative method
Excellent achievements in historical painting and customs painting
The leap in the history of painting is one that expresses the gods and Buddhas in the sky, to express the aristocrats in the world; the other that expresses the aristocrats in the world, to express the ordinary people, this is another leap, and the second leap is the leap of customs painting, which achieves this leap.
Representative of customs paintings: Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival"
sculpture
Arts in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties
Yuan paintings have left the solid style of Song paintings and moved towards ethereal style
Literary paintings have pushed to a new climax, leading to the struggle between various schools of Ming and Qing dynasties. The literati painters and folk painters of Ming and Qing dynasties learned from each other.
Ming and Qing dynasties were the golden age of Chinese printmaking, and the engraving industry achieved brilliant achievements
Wooden New Year paintings
Woodblock New Year pictures of Yangliuqing, Tianjin;
Suzhou Taohuawu woodblock New Year pictures;
Woodblock New Year pictures in Weixian, Shandong;
Wooden New Year pictures of the beach in Hunan.
school
Zhejiang school
Dai Jin
Copying is called "contemporary first", which has triggered the trend of imitating cultural relics and counterfeiting cultural relics.
The vigorous, positive and inspiring public opinion needed in the early Ming Dynasty, a large number of painters in Zhejiang, who had been submerged for a long time, introduced the palace and became court painters, and these painters were called the "Zhejiang School".
Landscape painting centered on Zhejiang School
Wupai
A painter who is active in the Suzhou area of Jiangnan
The four Wumen
Shen Zhou
Wen Zhengming
Huishan Tea Party Picture
Tang Yin
That is, Tang Bohu
Photo of Wang Shu official prostitute
Qiu Ying
Spring dawn picture of Han Palace
Four great monks
Shi Tao
Majestic brushwork and talent, people have spiritual energy, mountains have spirit
Zhu Da
A descendant of the royal family of the Ming Dynasty, Bada Shanren, wrote in cursive script very much like "crying and crying". "Ink Lotus Picture"
Hongren
Diligent in studying throughout his life, proficient in poetry, calligraphy and painting, "Picture of Pine Valley and Clear Springs"
Shixi
Two stones together with Shitao
In the early Qing Dynasty, the remnants of the Ming Dynasty attached importance to the interest of pen and ink
Yangzhou Painting School
It refers to the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". It was a group of reformist painters who were active in the painting world of Yangzhou, Jiangsu during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. They were regarded by the conservatives at the time as "monsters" who harassed the painting world, with a total of thirteen people.
Art category
painting
Definition: A visual image drawn on paper, textile, woodblock, walls and other planes using pens, knives, etc. through molding languages such as lines, colors, light and dark, perspective, and composition.
Originated in the late Paleolithic period
Division
Western Painting Department
Based on sketching, it focuses on realism that reproduces reality and form
Oriental Painting Department
Focus on the transmission of spirit and freehand painting, supplemented by the bright and dark colors
Fine brushwork drawing
Neat and meticulous
Freehand painting
Representative: Ink painting
Classification by material
Silk painting
Feng Kui Beauty
Ink painting
Begins in the Tang Dynasty, became established in the Five Dynasties, and flourished in the Song Dynasty
Ink and colorful, the layers of ink express color
Pay attention to brushwork
painting
Pigments have strong coverage
Begins in ancient Greece
Representatives: Ingle's "Foot", Miller's "Gathering", Delacroix's "Leading the People"
Watercolor painting
It is known as the Queen in Painting in the West
Pigment system is made of glue, which is soluble in water and can easily produce a transparent and light effect.
Wet painting method
Dry painting method
The white paper of watercolor painting is left with white paper, while the oil painting is piled with white paint
Chalk drawing
Beginning in Italy in the 16th century, popular in France in the 18th century
Gouache painting
Because of its covering ability, it is called opaque watercolor in the West
Use tools such as knives or chisels to carve on the layout of different materials, and you can directly print multiple original works.
Most traditional prints are used to copy pictures, and the division of labor is called copy prints.
Modern prints are all drawn and engraved by themselves, so they are called creative prints.
The lines are straight, decisive, and powerful
Acrylic painting
When it is thin, it looks like watercolor, when it is thick, it looks like oil painting
Pencil drawing
Cloth sticker
Pen drawing
Stable tone
Glass painting
Express religious themes with rich colors
sculpture
Round sculpture
Can be appreciated from all directions
Relief
Carved on a wall or cave, so there is only one side to enjoy
According to the depth, it can be divided into high, medium, low relief sculptures
Carving
Penetrating, so breathable
Arts and Crafts
Daily craftsmanship
Clothing, furniture, etc.
Display craftsmanship
No practical value, used for display
Architectural Art
Architectural art is a reflection of certain social ideology and aesthetic ideals in architectural form. It uses architectural languages such as spatial combination, body shape, proportion, scale, color, texture, decoration, etc. to form a specific artistic image to express the spirit of the times and the social material and cultural style.
Basic elements
Functional requirements
Material structure
Art Form
Can integrate painting, sculpture, music, arts and crafts and other arts
Egyptian Religious World and Art
art
architecture
Majestic and simple, the materials are all stone blocks weighing several tons
Representative: Pharaoh's Mausoleum
Later developed into a "Mastaba"-style (trapezoidal) pyramid
Ancient Kingdom Period
Transition to positive pyramid
Fourth Dynasty
Medusa trapezoidal pyramid
Dahashul positive pyramid
Giza pyramid group
Khufu pyramid
The Middle Kingdom Period
Obelisk
New Kingdom Period (18-22 Dynasty): Temple, Enjoyment Hall, Obelisk, etc.
Queen Hatshepsut
Luxor Temple
Kanalk Temple
engraving
Features
Ancient Egyptian sculpture is inseparable from religion
Have obvious stylized styling characteristics
Focus on realistic expression techniques
Positive law
The "frontal law" requires that the head and torso of the figure must be vertical, and its face, shoulders and chest must be frontal displays. The statues of the ancient Egyptians not only had a similar appearance to the real person, but also had special standards for adapting to the identity and status of the characters. The statue is painted in different colors depending on the different parts of the character's body and gender.
The Middle Kingdom Period
Compared with the ancient kingdom period, it is more realistic
New Kingdom Period
More refined, elegant, soft and refined style
painting
Early kingdoms were represented by papyrus paintings
Ancient Kingdom Period
Tomb room mural
New Kingdom Period
Golden Age
An unprecedented prosperity for strokes
Arts and Crafts
Ceramic crafts
Black top pottery
Bright and dark flower pottery
The dark flowers and colorful pottery
Glaze pottery
Stone crafts
Makeup stone slab
Used to make powder
Insect pot
Put it together with the mummy
Lighting
decorate
Glass glaze technology
Metal Process
Religious tools
Gold jewelry
Burial items
Wood crafts
furniture
religion
Paprika
Animals of worship
Bull, jackal, lion, crocodile, cobra, eagle
Protect God
Eagle God, Cat God, Red Crane God, Crocodile God
Sun worship
Ancient Egyptians believed that after death, people must be judged and judged that their souls can be eternal life before they can have the opportunity to be resurrected. They believed that the Sun God was the master of the universe, and the "Pharaoh" exercised the divine rule as the son of the Sun God. The Nile God symbolizes the power of cyclical regeneration
faction
Islam
Egyptian State Church
Christianity
other
Expression of national cultural traditions
Complete hieroglyphic system
Holy Book
Formed in 3000 BC
Carved in temples and tombs
Also used in formal and sacred occasions
Monk body
Formed in 3000 BC
Used for general occasion records
Secular body
Formed in 650-400 BC
More simple and universal
A serious and self-contained artistic system
Portrait: Basic rules for lateral head, side of the head and feet, front of the chest and shoulders.
One man and god
Devote religious beliefs
The inherent characteristics of ancient Egyptian culture are reflected in religious beliefs, which are the concerns about life after death. The ancient Egyptians believed in polytheism, believing that after death, the body was well preserved, the soul could be immortal, and individuals could be immortalized, so they invented the mummy that had been treated with the body, hoping to preserve the integrity of the body so that they could reunite with the soul when resurrected.
How to make mummy
1. Use an iron hook to take out part of the brain marrow from the nostrils of the dead body and inject some medicine into the brain for cleaning.
2. Use a sharp stone knife to cut a cut in the side abdomen, remove the internal organs completely, clean the abdomen, fill it with coconut wine and mashed spices, and sew it as it was.
3. Leave the body in powder for 70 days
4. Wash the body, wrap it with a fine linen from head to toe and apply gum on the outside
5. The body was given to the relatives, and the relatives placed it in a specially made human-shaped wooden box and kept it in the tomb.
Tag
Rich literary genre
Poetry first, then prose
Poetry includes secular poetry, religious poetry, hymn poetry, religious philosophy poetry, etc.
In terms of prose, there are teaching works such as preachings and proverbs, as well as rich stories and travel notes.
Architectural art represented by tombs and temples
Art symbol
Space settings
Functional layout
Advanced science and technology
As an ancient civilization based on irrigation, ancient Egypt is a classic example of a hydraulic empire. In addition, calendars, refining techniques, land measurement methods, and superb architectural techniques and mathematics knowledge have been created, and great achievements have been made in geometry, calendars, medicine, etc.
Especially in the belief in the sun god, he studied astronomy very early
The pyramids built more than 2,000 years earlier than ancient Greece completely adopted the golden ratio
"Four Ancients" art
Guai
Ancient Egyptian History
1. The Kingdom of Upper Egypt and the Kingdom of Lower Egypt
2. Around 300 BC, the king of Upper Egypt, Menis conquered Lower Egypt and established the first dynasty of Egypt.
3. Early Dynasty (Dynasty 1-2, 2890-2680 BC)
Clan to slavery stage
Construction begins to develop towards stone
Focus on tombs and temples
4. Ancient Kingdom Age (3rd-6th Dynasty, 2700-2300 BC)
It has become a powerful centralized slave country, with cultural and artistic prosperity, and the rebellion of slave owners and people in the six dynasties entered into division again
5. Middle Kingdom Age (11-12 Dynasty, 2134-1778 BC)
6. New Dynasty Era (18-22 Dynasty, 1570-1090 BC)
7. Ancient Egypt ended (31 Dynasty, 341-342 BC)
Alexander, the Greek king of Macedonia, conquered Egypt, and his successors established a new dynasty: the Ptolemaic dynasty, and ancient Egypt declared its end
Sub-theme
The period of dynasty represents a period of division, but every time the unity is unified, it maintains the characteristics of the original nation.
Ancient Egyptian art details meeting class
Babylonian
In the era of the city-state, buildings were constructed using raw bricks as building materials, using dome roofs and arched structures.
Sky Garden
Temple
Representative: Temple of Marduke
palace
Relief
Ancient Greece
Base
City-states divided by terrain
The bay is tortuous, there are many good ports, and the transportation conditions are good
Free folk
Pantheistic land, God and man are the same as one’s own, and affirmation of God is the praise of man
Goddess Venus
Goddess Arias
Aphrotit
Pay attention to physical exercise
Olympic Games
discus
Art development phase
Ancient times (30th to 12th century BC)
Crete and Mycenae have entered the slave society and created amazing cultural arts
Homer's Period (11-8th century BC)
Transition to slave society
Homer's epic "Ilia's" and "Odyssey" by the blind poet Homer
Ancient Style Period (7th to 6th century BC)
Established a slave-based city-state and completed immigration along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts
Heyday (5th to 4th century BC)
Prosperous economic foundation and enlightened political system, ancient Greek art flourished and developed rapidly
Temple Architecture
engraving
Pythagoras
Beauty is the ratio of numbers, and numbers are the origin of the world
Created a golden ratio
represent
Parthenon: known as the most beautiful temple in the world
Epidoros Theatre
Venus girl sculpture
Ancient Rome
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it entered the feudal medieval era, and since then art has been transferred to Christian culture.
Ancient Roman art was dyed with obvious Greek colors
The Romans snatched a large number of works of art from Greece
A large number of works of art created in Rome basically followed Greece
The themes of artistic creation mainly come from Greece
Medieval feudal art
stage
Early Christian art (1st to 4th centuries AD)
Christianity is not legally recognized, and the place of activity of believers is a secret place
Grotto art
church
The guild halls left by the ancient Roman world were used as their own churches. Of course, this kind of guild hall was not directly used. Through transformation, when they began to build their own churches, they basically continued the forms of those guild halls, and called this form "Basilica" style.
St. Paul's Church, St. Clemente
Byzantine Arts (5th to 10th century AD)
Mainly religious buildings
church
1||| Brazilian style: rectangular
2||| Centralized: circular or regular polygonal, dome is a structural method formed by independent pillars using sail arches
The ancient Babylonian domes, etc., are completely supported by wall columns
3||| Cross-shaped flat style
Mosaic
Originally originated in ancient Babylon, the Byzantine period pushed it to a new height
The mosaics in the church are pictures made of colored stones, pottery slices or colored glass and small squares, mainly decorative buildings. They first appeared in the ancient East and later were widely used in Greece and Rome.
Representatives: "Apolinna Church", "St. Vidal" and "Hallow Sophia Cathedral"
Detailed painting
As an illustration of the Bible
Detailed and exquisite
Romanesque art (11th-12th century AD)
church
In order to save expenses, the ruins of ancient Roman buildings were removed on the spot, and the column decorations, windows, and wall materials of the ruins were directly used. Therefore, they had an ancient Roman style, called the Romanesque period.
The typical planar shape of the "Romanesque" church is a cross-shaped plane made up of two transverse wings on the "Basilica" style. The roof of their main room is a dome made of stone, and the upper part of the doors and windows are arc-shaped arches. The Romanesque church has thick walls, short and thick columns, and has eliminated the decorative stigma. The windows are small, giving people a firm, quiet, calm and simple feeling in shape.
Representatives: Italy's "Pisa Cathedral", Germany's "Warms Cathedral", Germany's "Mainz Cathedral", France's "Oten Cathedral", Italy's "San Ambrrogio Cathedral"
castle
monastery
Gothic art (13th-14th century AD)
Christian churches are no longer the only excellent and tall buildings in the city center. The city hall, court, palace, and hotel have achieved remarkable achievements. But the church is still the best
Gothic name source
Europe regards the Goths as barbarians, and Gothic churches often dumped and killed people when they were built. This architectural process was seen as barbaric by the Renaissance in the 16th century, so it is called "Gothic architecture".
Church features
Works that use art are mainly sculptures, mosaic paintings and glass paintings, and art means to express the interior and exterior of the church. We cannot but admit that it is an amazing height of our historical culture.
Convenient transportation, easy material transportation, and a professional construction team, so Gothic architecture has great unity
There are almost no walls between the entire building, and between the facades of the skeletons, there are tall windows, bright interiors, small interior decoration, and a sublime sense of light.
Representatives: Notre Dame Cathedral in France, Cologne Cathedral in Germany, Vaux Cathedral in Germany, Milan Cathedral in Italy (the largest church in the medieval era in Europe)
middle Ages
Origin of the word
Biando and others called the time between the decline of classical culture and the Renaissance after the decline of the Western Roman Empire as the Middle Ages
At the end of the 17th century, in the book "The Complete History", German historian Christopher Keller classified the entire history of mankind into such a period: the ancient period, the medieval period and the modern period. Since the 18th century, it has been used by the Western academic community for a long time.
The feudal medieval ages refer to the fifth to the fourteenth centuries AD, and are basically Christian in culture.
feature
A social state of the extremely conservative natural economy.
It has a political and social state with a scattered feudal pattern.
The whole of the medieval Christian thought was dominant.
It reflects an extreme ascetic worldview in philosophy.
Cultural and artistic characteristics
Monks master education, making literature and art subordinate to theology, with obvious ignorance and superstition
The feudal knight literature mainly promotes the feudal loyalty to the emperor and the devout faith in God.
Architectural art is mainly church
Painting and carving are mainly Christian theological systems
Italian Renaissance Art
Renaissance
The second half of the 14th century-16th century, cultural changes began in Italy and spread across Europe
The early bourgeois cultural movement
Social roots
1||| The first budding of the capitalist economy
2||| The final conflict with the feudal class
3||| The development of citizens' culture
Liberate people from religious culture
Start your own university, not a church school
The first university in Europe: University of Rome
4||| Excavation of excellent cultural heritage
Large-scale construction in Rome, underground cultural relics were excavated
5||| The emergence of philosophical thoughts - humanism (relative to asceticism)
Renaissance art works sing to the greatest extent praising human wisdom and strength, praising the perfection and sublimity of human nature
architecture
Features
1||| Re-understanding and wide application of the structure and style of classical architecture
2||| Emphasize the beauty of the human body in architecture
3||| Put the principles of practicality, economy and beauty to the theoretical level
4||| Scholars and artists participate in the design, decision-making and promotion of architecture
Architecture gradually shifted from folk craftsmen to professional architects
5||| Architectural style pursues grandeur, majestic and simplicity
represent
Church of Santa Maria
Church of St. Mark, Venice
The Governor's Office of Venice
Uffizi Palace
The largest art gallery in Italy
"St. Peter's Basilica" designed by the great architect Bramante
painting
Giotto
The original pioneer
Giotto was the first painter in the Italian Renaissance to explore new ways of painting. In April 1334, he was appointed as the general director of the Florence Cathedral Project and was awarded the title of master. Many later art critics said that Giotto was the first genius to lay the foundation for painting. It is also the first initiator to explore European figure painting.
Representative work: St. Francis married to the poor, Judas's kiss, mourning Christ
Masajo
Pioneer in painting
1401-1428
The characters in the work are full of expressions, strong physical strength, noble personality, self-confidence and self-esteem
Propose air perspective method
Representative work: "Exit Paradise"
Roman faction
Due to his ambitions and hedonistic ideas, the Holy See summoned many artists from other cities and places other than Rome, and they gathered in Rome to create together here.
No longer care about the absolute correctness of perspective anatomy, but focus on the fundamental effects of art and strong appeal.
Michelangelo
Raphael
Venetian School of Painting
Venice is the largest commercial center along the Mediterranean coast. The political system is a republic of the nobles. Free from foreign and pope constraints
The themes and content of the comedy nature of Lotte, secular and carnival, combining gorgeous colors and beautiful forms
Titian (1477-1576)
"Love on earth and love in heaven", "Venus Lying down", "God of Flowers", "God of Baccarat"
It is believed that the combination of brushes and fingers can express the body's fleshiness in a gentle and elegant way.
Often paint the body of a character with white, black and red on a brown base
Color saturation
The Three Renaissances
da Vinci
Painter, scientist (biology, mathematics, physics, anatomy, medicine, etc.), architect, thinker
Naturalist
Analyzing anatomy, perspective, color matching and composition, forming a systematic theory of painting
Perpendicular method
Mirror says: The virtual image in the mirror can never become a work of art
"The Last Supper" "Mona Lisa"
Raphael
Born from a painter's family, the characters created are very peaceful and the female characters are beautiful
"Academy of Athens" "Carriage of Christ"
Michelangelo
Lost her mother since childhood and was fostered at a stonemason's home
Great achievements in carving, painting, architecture, literary creation, and military engineering
Sculpture: David (5 meters 50cm tall) Moses
Paintings: Genesis, The Last Judgment
French art movement
Classicalism
The dominant force of social progress needs art to serve them, to promote revolution for them, and to promote the will of society such as freedom, equality, fraternity and republic. Winkelmann (Germany) believes that the true foundation of advanced art is political freedom, and his thoughts are a praise of the virtues of Greek citizens and the republic system of democratic regimes.
Artistic Characteristics
theme
Serious and solemn (emphasizing heroism)
form
Focus on shaping, integrity, and typed expression
Creative attitude
Focus on rationality, ignore sensibility, emphasize sketching, ignore color
Representative figures in the early stage
Davit
Art is not an end, it is just a means, it is a means to win a certain political concept.
"The Death of Mara" "The Oath of the Brothers of Horas"
Representative figures in the later stage
Angle
Davitt's Students
Artists should constantly copy nature and learn to master the ability to seriously realize natural objects. Art based on nature is the real art.
"Bathing Girl", "Foot", "The Great Palace Maid", "Picture of Madame Mova Tiexue"
romanticism
Romantic movement
The romantic movement of art emerged after the bourgeoisie gained power. From a political point of view, it was a disappointment with the bourgeois rule and an artistic act caused by dissatisfaction with the social system at that time.
Romantics' ideological and political propositions are similar to classicism, but the difference is the liberation of personality. Romanticism often simply pursues personality and pursues fantasy beauty, which leads to the development of aestheticism and formalism. They often place their hopes on the distant future and on the fantasy world, which inevitably leads to a negative side among the romantic group.
Artistic Characteristics
theme
Special personality, future fantasies, unusual events, strange composition.
form
Focus on innovation and anti-conservativeness, advocate expressing ideals in works
Philosophy
Creative attitude: emphasize sensibility, ignore rationality, focus on personalization and anti-type
Representative figures
Barry
Architect, London Parliament Hall
Lyuth
Sculptor, "Marseille" was carved on the Arc de Triomphe and later became a monument to promote the revolution
Delacrova
Painter, color master, sketch master, think art is about reality
"Leading the People Freely", "The Massacre of the Island of Chia", "The Angry Medea", "Dante's Boat"
Realism
Realism movement
Realism advocates objectively expressing real life and accurately describe reality according to the original appearance of life. It does not express myths, religions, history, and future.
Barbizon School
Landscape painter. Faced with nature, sketching the scenery
Miller
"People's Painter". Born in a peasant family, simple and honest personality, loves the farmers in my hometown
The paintings that express the lower class people were not favored and were rejected by the painter and teacher many times, and instead directly copied the works of the Louvre
"Gathering", "Late Bell", "Sower", "The Man Leaning a Hoe" and "Feeding a Bird"
Courbet
"Realist Painter"
A French realistic painter, he originally studied law, but because of his kindness, he changed to painting and was enthusiastic about participating in the revolutionary movement. His art has always been closely linked to his personal political life. He advocated finding creative subjects from real life. He advocated that students who study art must go out of the studio and go to real life to combine with life to learn. He broke the classical stereotyped expression method.
"The Masonry", "The Woman Sifting the Wheat", "The Studio", "Ao Nan's Funeral", "The Country Girl"
Impressionism
Expression method
The main purpose is no longer to express the content of things, but only focus on the "light" and "color" in the artistic form. The Neo-Impressionist painter uses dot color to express the relationship between light and color, and is good at using the relationship between complementary color to form a strong contrast.
Representative figures
Manai
"Olympics" "Lunch on the Grass"
Monet
"The Woman with Parasol", "Water Lily", "Sunrise Impression"
Renoir
"Gingerbread Mill's Dance"
Sisley
"Fwazan Village"
Post-impressionism
Cézanne
Looking at the world from a new perspective: no matter how complex the world is, it can be reduced to the simplest geometric form.
van gogh
"The Crow Over the Wheat Field"
Gauguin
"Where do we come from?" Who are we? Where are we going? 》
The pioneer of expressionism
Background (18th century-end 19th century)
1||| The development of capitalist economy, machines replace manual labor
2||| The emergence of the social revolutionary movement
3||| The social thoughts are active
Idealist philosophy
Democracy
Utopian socialism
Scientific Socialism
Twentieth Century Modernist Art
background
In the late nineteenth century, Western capitalism gradually transformed into imperialism
The aesthetics of the bourgeois powerful people changed, and artists developed the desire to explore new fields
The introduction of Oriental and African art
The development of photography technology has shaken the painting belief of Western artists with the purpose of reappearance
The emergence of a new philosophy
Bergson's Intuitionism
It also found a theoretical basis for formalism nihilism
Intuitive philosophy believes that art is the intuition that expresses a mysterious inner experience, and achieving this goal is enough. Bergson's point of view is that any point, line and surface can bring people intuition. Abolish rationality and eliminate the basic laws and laws of art.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
In the past, art was based on the conscious level, and the subconscious and unconscious have not been cultivated yet.
Reflection on modern art
Positive factors
Transfer art from a deliberate and tense state to
Freedom and pursuit of personality and blooming
Enriched artistic vision in various fields
Arousing a new system, with a revolutionary role
Praise peace, oppose war, and dare to explore
Negative factors
Endless form exploration goes to extremes and breaks from life
Advocate the complete abandonment of tradition and enter into formalism and nihilism
Some artists have entered the front and betrayed the people's fundamental needs
Symbolism
Art is about solving the conflict between material and spirituality, and expressing the mysterious inner world with visual images.
Ludong
"The Eyes Face Infinity Like Balloons" "The Pillar of Screaming"
fauvism
Take flat color
Representative work "Dance"
Expressionism
van gogh
The main pioneer of expressionism
Monk
The standard bearer of expressionism
Use strong contrasting colors to express, distorted lines, and deliberate exaggeration to express extreme passion, fear, anxiety, love and hatred of human beings
"Scream" "The Virgin Mary"
Abstractism
Hot abstraction
Qing Knight School of Painting (1911-1914)
Kandinsky
He believes that the real object of expression and concrete object should not be art, but art should be abstract.
Cold abstraction
Mondrian
Focus on eliminating complex colors, eliminating changes, eliminating curves, retaining red, yellow, blue, and straight lines
Cubism
Picasso
Reorganize the material world and deconstruct the spiritual meaning of objects
Love peace, oppose war, dare to imagine innovation, have active imagination, and love all kinds of art
"Gernica"
Realism
Photorealism
Pursuing as real as taking pictures
Performance Art
originator
Kolain: In 1961, the tall building fell freely, "the human body made a pen"
Use physical behavior to express your views on the world, which are ugly and beautiful, but do not talk about normal behavior
Sweep away traditional art, some even violate morality
Abstract Expressionism
Form is abstract, behavior is manifested, and the painting process is expressed in front of the public.
Earth Art
Art is about to go out of the studio
Art should be for everyone to participate and see
It is impossible to take action to think that art is not buying and selling and cannot be traded.
Very minor
In the picture, in the symbols of the artwork, we must reduce and reduce, and then reduce all decorative symbols should be eliminated in structure. In the painting, we must cancel the expression of space.
Art has no way out anymore because symbols are no longer visible, which almost put an end to modernism, so performance art emerged.
Dadaism
Du Shang
Advocate the complete abandonment of tradition, all artistic philosophy comes from the beginning, and cancel the painting on the shelf
Surrealism
A combination of dreams, fantasies, and non-logical
Realistic techniques
Representative figures
Miro
Using symbolism
Paris School of Painting
They are all Jews, not Parisians, left their hometown
Not assimilated by French art
Chagall
The similarities and similarities of Eastern and Western art
Traditional Chinese art
Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes beauty in artistic conception
The purpose is to write first
Dual system: In addition to objective law, there are subjective law
Pay attention to sensibility
Traditional Chinese art mainly pursues harmony and tranquility between man and nature
By paying attention to artistic conception and expressing image thinking, conveying the spirit and emotions, conveying the painter's subjective emotions, you can express your emotions through scenery and express your aspirations through objects.
Scatter perspective
Scatter perspective means that in terms of composition, Chinese painting breaks the limitations of time and space in a flexible way, arranges objects in different time and space according to the painter's subjective feelings and the laws of artistic creation, and constructs a space-time realm in the mind of the painter.
During the painting process, the object can change, and the human viewpoint can change, so it has great freedom, such as "Along the River During the Qingming Festival"
Result: Long scroll appears
Expression: black and white
Ink is divided into five colors
Burnt ink, thick ink, heavy ink, light ink, clear ink
Transform the form of the picture into the natural form
Express with lines
Pay attention to brushwork, use the bone method, and the aesthetic value of "strength through the back of the paper"
Lines are expressed by pens, and the twists of lines, the smoothness of lines, the distortion of lines, the thickness of lines, and various changes in lines all require a certain amount of training to achieve the exquisite level of using the pen.
Eighteen strokes
Iron wire drawing, bamboo leaves drawing, dry wood drawing, earthworm drawing, and pen drawing
Pay attention to pen and ink
It is not limited to superficial similarity, but emphasizes the highest state of "the wonderful thing lies in the difference between similarity and dissimilarity"
Shen Yun can only be understood but not expressed in words
Traditional Western art
Traditional Western painting emphasizes beauty in form
In the Pythagoras School of thought, art originates from numbers and their harmony, and this harmony involves the issue of form
One-cent system: emphasizing objective method
Pay attention to rationality
Ration is the regulation of art, and the pursuit of objective, complete, true and scientific
Adopting scientific perspective and color theory, it expresses the spatial changes of near, far and small, and focuses on expressing the object's shape, perspective, texture, sense of quantity, and space
Focus Perspective
The basic principle of focus perspective is to focus the object in a concentrated place. Its characteristic is to conform to human visual reality and pay attention to scientificity. Under the guidance of the combination of art and science, master the space and laws of change of objects.
The position of the viewpoint, the position of the object, and the source of light cannot be easily changed.
Result: Close-up appears
Expression: Color
Painting is an optical—Cezanne
Express by face
Angel stressed: To eliminate lines in oil painting
Lines have no length and no volume
Focus on shaping
Emphasize realistic and observable, and focus on expressing shape, perspective, texture, volume, and space
Sketching is the foundation, and sketching is also the starting and most important link of cultivation and shaping.
The intermingling of Eastern and Western art
After the 19th century, the integration of global economy and ideas led to the integration of Eastern and Western arts. Western art incorporates the expression spirit of Eastern painting, and Eastern painting also learns the reproducible spirit of Western painting.
Chen Feihu-Book Recommendation
History of Chinese Art
History of Western Art
Aesthetic Principles
Traditional Chinese aesthetics
Contemporary Western Aesthetics
Van Gogh's Art and Expressionism
Art background
Artistic thoughts are gradually becoming active
Some artists are not satisfied with the study of surface light and color, advocate expressing the artist's subjective world, and emphasize that art does not need to be consistent with objective truth.
Art is not only related to traditional styles, but also has a unique and innovative look.
Impressionism
Impressionism is a very objective art of painting with scientific methods and is also the result of the development of realism.
Source of name: Monet's "Impression of Sunrise"
Very practical, trying to objectively draw moments in visual reality (the relationship between light and shadow in a short time)
Shows the pure relationship between light and color
Representative painter
Pissarro, Manet, Degas, Cisley, Monet, Renoir
Post-impressionism
Post-impressionist artists are not limited to Impressionism's pursuit of the authenticity of external light and colors, but are also different from the logical thinking of New Impressionism's analysis of light and colors.
feature
Re-examine the concept of "form" in art
Pay attention to the author's subjective personality
Pay attention to expressing the author's subjective emotions and emotions in the work
Pay attention to form expressiveness
Representative painter
Cézanne
Gauguin
van gogh
Expressionism
Expressionism refers to a trend of thought in art that emphasizes the expression of the subjective emotions and self-feeling of the artist, which leads to exaggeration, deformation and even weirdness of the objective form. It believes that subjectivity is the only truth, denies the objectivity of the real world, and opposes the purpose of art.
This tendency was in the early twentieth century, and it intersected with Nietzsche tragic aesthetics, Bergson's intuitive philosophy and Freudian psychoanalysis, which were prevalent in Europe at that time, forming a novel aesthetic trend.
Representative painter
Van Gogh, Lauterrek, Klimt, Hodler, Monk
van gogh
Representative work
"Crows over the wheat field", "People walking on the road", "Sunflowers", "Starry Night", "Self-portrait", "Iris", "Sea of Flowers", "Apricot blossoms", "Blooming peach blossoms", "Wheat Field and Cypress", "Orchard", "Lone Bird Flying in the Empty Wheat Field", "Wheat Field", "Sower", "Ar's Suspension Bridge", "Starry Sky"
"Gauguin's Chair" "Van Gogh's Chair"
"Coffee House at Night"
Artistic characteristics
Content: Pay attention to the feelings of life and express the freedom of inner emotions
Use of the pen: Heavy, obvious strokes, unrestrained pen
Color: Bright, exaggerated, saturated
大全
Brother Van Gogh
Gauguin
Starting from October 1888, Van Gogh spent sixty-two days in Al France. At first, the two got along very harmoniously, and Van Gogh did not hide his admiration and admiration for Gauguin at all, and eagerly hoped that Gauguin could inspire him in artistic terms. However, Van Gogh's excited fanaticism did not infect Gauguin. They painted together day and night, often drawing the same theme and the same scenery, but their observation methods were completely different
One day after two months of living together, Gauguin and Van Gogh fought for the young man and refused to return all night and wandered on the cold streets of Al. He found Van Gogh following him with a razor in his hand. Gauguin fled in panic, stayed in a hotel, and dared not go back
"Van Gogh with the Flowers and Sunflowers"
"Coffee House at Night"
Art pursuit installment
Dutch Period (1882-1886)
Van Gogh's works from the Netherlands, with dark colors that have not yet been washed away, continue the tradition of Dutch painting and preserve their special liking for peasant paintings. Van Gogh created for the working people, rejecting works that are highly skilled but are out of life from the real door of art.
In order to express the essence of things, Van Gogh believed that it was impossible to care about whether the work perfectly reproduced the object. Some perspective errors or the inreality of the color were negligible. The belief that Van Gogh upheld was to create for the lower class people.
Paris Period (1886-1888)
During the Paris period, Van Gogh tried his best to study colors, adding exaggerated forms and more rough strokes, all of which declared Van Gogh's maturity. At this point, Van Gogh's creations have undergone drastic changes, and color has become his lifelong pursuit.
Al Period (1888-1889)
The Al period was the most brilliant period in Van Gogh's artistic career. During this period, a large number of representative works were published, each of which was filled with his distinctive personality and emotions. Van Gogh has already made his own opinion on color and found a purer color than Impressionism
The period of Saint Remy and the Aofu (1889-1890)
In 1889, Van Gogh voluntarily entered the Saint-Remy Mental Hospital in eastern France for treatment In 1890, he moved to the small town of Oause next to the Oaze River in France and was under the supervision of Dr. Paul Garchel.
During this period, Van Gogh pursued the movement of lines, and he made it clear that lines must be painted with emotion. Jumping band lines, flowing forms, and frenzied enthusiasm Van Gogh transplanted this emotion from reality directly from his mind to the canvas
Influence
Expressionist painting developed from Post-Impressionism, and the post-Impressionist painter Van Gogh opened the door to express his emotions.
Van Gogh's painting characteristics generally present a development context from realistic to expression, from rules to deformation, from stillness to movement, from objective to subjective, which is consistent with the brief history of European painting's transition from realistic to impressionism, post-impressionism, and expressionism since the 19th century.
Chinese and Western art exchange
Since the 20th century
The Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement advocated the integration of China and the West, and the wave of going abroad in the field of art: Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Lin Fengmian, Yan Wenliang, Tang Yihe, Wu Zuoren and others studied in England and France.
reflect
Seeking the path of innovation in traditional Chinese painting
Combining systematic teaching with personalized teaching
Xu Beihong
Those who are good at ancient methods should be kept, those who are decisive will be followed, those who are not good at, those who are not good at, and those who are not good at, and those who are not good at, and those who are able to learn from Western paintings should be integrated.
Advocate the use of realisticism to improve Chinese painting, emphasize that sketching is the basis of all plastic arts, and formulate a step-by-step method
Xu Beihong spared no effort to promote realistic painting advocates using sketch as the basis for improving Chinese painting. Realistic paintings in the 1940s were highly valued because of the need for the War of Resistance; in the 1950s, Xu Beihong advocated combining them with "socialist realism" from the Soviet Union, thereby deriveing new orthodox Chinese paintings.
Representative work
Jiang Zhaohe
Xu Beihong Student
Jiang Zhaohe (1904-1986) is known as the master of modern Chinese ink painting in the 20th century. He integrated the strengths of Western painting on the basis of traditional Chinese painting, creatively expanded the skills of Chinese ink painting, and reached a new height in the history of Chinese figure painting.
Lingnan School of Painting
The first generation
Three heroes in Lingnan
Second generation
The Lingnan School of Painting focuses on sketching, integrates the strengths of Chinese and Western paintings, and transforms Chinese painting with a innovative spirit and a strong sense of responsibility for the times. It not only maintains the brush and ink characteristics of traditional Chinese paintings, but also integrates the Western realistic spirit, creating a new pattern of modern painting with the spirit of the times and local characteristics.
Sub-theme
Bang Haishu
Liu Haisu (1896-1994) made important practices in integrating the spirit of Chinese and Western art and creating a new style of painting
Liu Haisu (1896-1994), an outstanding modern painter and art educator. He traveled to Japan and visited Europe to introduce modern Chinese art to the West, and at the same time introduced Western art to China, promoting the further development of modern Chinese art with his own artistic propositions and practices.
Sub-theme
Lin Fengmian
What he gave up on the rigid rules of the academic school for the Western Lin Fengmian and chose the transitional historical stage from the Romantic school to the Cubism school. What he gave up on China was the brush and ink form of literati paintings, and chose early traditions and folk arts that were mainly based on the art of the Han and Tang Dynasties.
Lin Fengmian's fusion of Chinese and Western art combines the visual experience of ancient Chinese painting and modern Western painting, creating a new painting style that is different from both ancient and Western, known as "Lin Fengmian's style"
"Sakura Bird" "Er"
Academic directions proposed
Introduction to Western Art
Organize Chinese art
Reconcile Chinese and Western art
Creating the Art of the Times
Wu Guanzhong
When exploring the "nationalization of ink and wash", Wu Guanzhong tried to establish new values in ink and wash, forming a new Chinese painting style with lines as the main and supplemented by points and surfaces.
The influence of Western painting
Sub-theme
Picasso
Modigliani
Egon Schiller
Henry Mattis
,
Paul Klee
I have studied oriental calligraphy and began to incorporate text into the picture
Henry Mishaw
Development forecast
Identity and Difference
Marx and Engels discuss the laws of development of art itself
The nature of spiritual production is not directly determined by the productivity of material production
The mental production mode has relative independence
Art production itself has historical inheritance
Before the 20th century
During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty in the early 15th century (14031424), Zheng He was sent to the West for inspection seven times and conducted cultural exchanges here. After that, European missionaries and merchants came to China one after another, bringing European Renaissance paintings and injecting new vitality into the development of Ming Dynasty art.
From the end of the 15th to the 16th century, Chinese landscape paintings have been enhanced in terms of realistic nature and the scope of the theme has been expanded.
In the 17th and 18th century, the Silk Road in China set off a Chinese craze in Europe at that time.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty (1636-1735), Western artists represented by Lang Shining (1688-1766) actively absorbed the techniques of traditional Chinese painting and tried to integrate European painting techniques with Chinese painting techniques.
Adopt the combination of Western realism and Chinese freehand expression
Adopt a combination of Western focal perspective and Chinese scatter perspective
Combining light and dark contrast techniques and line outline techniques
Lang Shining's new style painting
Artistic cultivation and life vision
Art and Society
The relationship between art and society is a dialectical relationship that is interconnected and mutually restricted. They are not a one-way causal relationship, but a two-way interactive relationship.
The ruling class can not only use politics to restrict social consciousness to influence people's aesthetic concepts, but also formulate literary and artistic policies (conservative or enlightened), thereby affecting the rise and fall of art.
In European medieval culture, Christian influence dominated, and art inevitably had a strong religious color. Therefore, under the rule of Christianity, ascetic art and church architecture art emerged.
Arts and Education
The key to education is to seek coordination between the principles of happiness and reality, combine the principles of happiness with the principles of reality, so that the educated gradually form a healthy and perfect personality, and the only way to realize the principles of happiness is to integrate artistic expression into education.
Confucius (551 BC-479 BC) proposed the idea of "promoting poetry, establishing etiquette, and achieving music", emphasizing the role of aesthetic education in helping politics and education.
The main ways to improve artistic cultivation
Understand the history of art
Learn art theory
Appreciate art works
Master artistic skills
Ability to cultivate art education
Ability to grasp the overall
The ability to deal with things
Ability to shape images
Art and Life
Life is the only source of art
Life is also an art
Art and Design
The opposition between art and design
The creative process of art is actually a process of artistic understanding and expressing life. Art creation is a spiritual activity that is mainly carried out in the mind of an artist, but life must be used as a raw material and can only be realized through material means.
Art is a material spiritual activity, while design is a spiritual material activity
The unified relationship between art and design
Aesthetic abilities that designers must possess
Form aesthetic ability
Color aesthetic ability
Formal aesthetic ability
Technological aesthetic ability
Design expresses care for people through material processing and creation. It develops to a certain extent and will integrate the components of art due to functional needs to further improve the design level and enrich the connotation of the design. This is reflected in the integration of art into design.
Spiritual production requires a certain degree of artistic cultivation, and artistic cultivation is a comprehensive reflection of people's artistic theoretical knowledge, artistic aesthetic vision and artistic practice level.
Artistic realm
level
Utilitarian state to meet physiological and material needs
The ethical realm of coexistence and mutual love relationship between people
The political realm of mutual relationships based on crowd combination
Academic realm of creation through pursuit of truth and expressing
Religious realm of returning to the original and returning to the true nature, and the underworld is united with heaven and man
The artistic realm of expressing beauty with image as a symbol
The state of life
One is a scientific state
Use mathematical problems to solve technical problems
One is artistic state
Solve spiritual problems with aesthetic problems