physical factors

chemical factors

biological factors

Exogenous sources: existing in the human environment, may come into contact with and enter the body, and exhibit certain biological effects in the body

Endogenous: products or intermediates that already exist in the body and are formed during metabolism.

By purpose and scope

Different target organs

Target organ: The organ that is directly or mainly damaged by an exogenous chemical is called the target organ of the substance.

When exogenous chemicals enter the body continuously and repeatedly, and the absorption rate (or total amount) exceeds the rate of metabolic conversion and excretion, chemical poisons or their metabolites gradually increase and accumulate in the body.

A series of different biological effects manifested by exogenous chemicals acting on organisms as the dose increases

Body load refers to the amount and distribution of chemicals and other metabolites in the body

Immediate or delayed effects

local or systemic toxic effects

Reversible or irreversible toxic effects

acute or chronic toxic effects

General or specific toxic effects

Hypersensitivity reaction (a pathological immune response produced by the body to foreign chemicals)

damaging effect

Adverse reactions

drug side effects

The comprehensive toxic effects caused by two or more exogenous chemicals acting on the body simultaneously or successively within a short period of time

It refers to a set of events that begin with the interaction of chemicals and biomolecules, are supported by the weight of evidence, and may lead to toxicity-related endpoints.

Often used to describe the specific steps in a biochemical reaction that results from a molecular initiating event leading to a toxic effect.

Also known as the harmful outcome pathway, it is a conceptual framework that describes the existing knowledge about a direct molecular initiating event and the risk assessment that occurs at different levels of biological organization (such as cells, organs, organisms, and populations). Interconnections between “harmful outcomes”

It focuses on the path or process of toxic effects related to molecular initiating events and risk assessment, including the functions of mechanism and mode of action.

Important factors that determine the damaging effects of exogenous chemicals on the body

Refers to the amount of exogenous chemicals that come into contact with the body or are absorbed by the body or directly cause damage to the body.

Exposure dose (external dose)

Absorbed dose (internal dose)

Biologically effective dose (target dose)

Also weighing a reaction, it represents the biological changes in an organism, organ or tissue caused by exposure to a certain dose of exogenous chemicals.

Also known as mass reaction, it refers to the proportion of individuals who experience a certain effect in a group exposed to a certain chemical, usually expressed as a percentage or ratio.

The relationship between the dose of an exogenous chemical that acts on an organism and the incidence or intensity of the resulting biological changes.