MindMap Gallery Medical Parasites - Giardia
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about the reproductive development of animals, and its main contents include: insects, frogs, birds, sexual reproduction, and asexual reproduction. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
Giardia
Leishmania donovani
form
Amastigote
Oval
Kinematoplast—the unique identifying structure of amastigotes
located next to the nucleus
promastigote
fusiform
flagellum
The kinetochore is located in the front, and the basal body is in front of the kinetochore, from which the flagellum is emitted.
life history
Infectious stage - promastigotes parasitize in the stomach of sand flies
Pathogenic stage—amastigotes parasitize human or mammalian macrophages
Two hosts: sandflies, humans and mammals (dogs—an important insect host)
Develops inside the sandfly
Sandflies bite a patient or infected animal host → amastigote-containing macrophages in the blood/skin are aspirated into the stomach
Spindle-shaped promastigotes develop in the stomach of sand flies, and a large number of promastigotes are formed after binary fission and proliferation.
The promastigote moves toward the mouth, the beak
develop in human body
When sandflies bite humans, the promastigotes enter the subcutaneous tissue and are engulfed by macrophages.
Transformed into amastigotes in macrophages
Amastigotes proliferate and then infect other macrophages
Causes—Kala-azar
mechanism
Macrophages are massively destroyed
Compensatory hyperplasia of macrophages
Rapid proliferation of plasma cells
immune hemolysis
symptom
Visceral leishmaniasis
Long-term irregular fever
Enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
pancytocyte anemia
Complications—Troublesome stomatitis (necrotizing stomatitis)
nodal visceral leishmaniasis
Swollen lymph nodes in multiple parts of the body
Can self-heal
Post-kala-azar cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Dark papules, common on the face and neck
diagnosis
puncture examination
Bone marrow (patella) (most commonly used)
Popularity
North of the Yangtze River in my country (Sichuan, Gansu)
Prevention and control
Difficult to prevent and control reasons
It is difficult to control insect hosts in hilly and desert epidemic areas
Sandflies are hard to kill
prevention
Get rid of sandflies
treat
Glucose sodium antimonate, pentamidine, diamidine
Splenectomy
Giardia lamblia
form
Trophozoite—Gimusa stain
Inverted pear shape, symmetrical on both sides
a sucker
a pair of nuclei
four pairs of flagella
A pair of bodies
Cysts—iron hematoxylin staining
Oval shape, with obvious cracks between the cyst wall and the insect body
Immature cysts have two nuclei and mature cysts have four nuclei.
life history
process
Mature tetranuclear cysts are ingested orally and excreted in the duodenum
Trophozoites parasitize in the duodenum or upper small intestine and multiply by binary fission
It becomes a cyst in the lower ileum or colon and is excreted in the feces
Insect-protected hosts—domestic animals, pets, wild animals
Site of parasitism—mainly duodenum, but also bile duct or gallbladder
Infectious stage—tetranuclear cyst
Pathogenic stage—trophozoite
Mode of infection—oral infection
Pathogenesis—catarrhal inflammation of the small intestine
mechanism
Insect strain pathogenicity
Insect damage to small intestinal mucosa
A lack of gamma globulin in the blood
disaccharidase deficiency
symptom
Traveler's diarrhea - asymptomatic carriers
Acute stage—fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, malabsorption
Chronic phase - periodic loose stools, malnutrition
diagnosis
etiology
Check for trophozoites - saline smear
Cyst check - iodine smear
Serology
Prevention and control
metronidazole (metronipil), furazolidone (furazolidone)
Trichomonas vaginalis
form
Trophozoite only
pear shape
oval vesicular core
4 anterior flagella, 1 posterior flagellum
Fluctuating membrane - the insect body acts as a rotating locomotive organ
axis column
life history
Trophozoite stage only
parasitic site
Female vagina (occasionally urethra)
Male urethra, prostate
infection stage
trophozoites
route of infection
direct or indirect contact (sexual contact)
Pathogenic stage
trophozoites
Pathogenic
mechanism
Insect strain virulence
The host's own physiological state - the vaginal self-purification function is weakened
When trichomonas are parasitic, they consume glycogen and destroy the glycolysis of vaginal lactobacilli, resulting in a large number of alkaline bacteria in the vaginal environment.
Symptoms (mostly asymptomatic)
Trichomonas vaginitis
Increased vaginal discharge, grayish-yellow foamy with odor
Itching or burning sensation in the vagina, increased leucorrhea
Urogenital tract inflammation
Frequent urination, urgency, and painful urination
urethritis, prostatitis
diagnosis
saline direct smear
Cultivation method
Popularity
Source of infection—trichomoniasis vaginitis patients or asymptomatic carriers or male carriers
way for spreading
direct-sexual transmission
Indirect - public baths, swimming pools, sitting toilets
treat
Metronidazole (be careful to treat your spouse at the same time)