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health education
This is a mind map about health education, including health and its influencing factors, health-related behaviors (P26), health communication and skills, etc.
Edited at 2023-11-15 09:50:22
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health education
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- Outline
health education
Health and its influencing factors
definition
WHO's 1990 concept of health "Health is more than the absence of disease Or not weak, but a person's physical health, mental health, social fitness The four-dimensional health concept should be sound in all four aspects of good and moral health.
Current status and classification
Perfect health, health, sub-health, disease, death
Sub-health
Although the human body has no obvious disease, it shows signs of reduced vitality, Adaptability is a state in which the adaptability is reduced to varying degrees. It is caused by various systems in the body. Caused by low system physiological functions and metabolic processes, it lies between health and A state of reduced physiological function between diseases.
Influencing factors
biological genetic factors
genetic factors
Intrinsic defects, mutations, and aging lead to body development malformations, metabolic disorders, and functional abnormalities.
psychological factors
Susceptibility to disease or genetic risk.
biological causative factors
Infectious or infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms or parasites.
envirnmental factor
social environment
Physical factors (temperature, humidity, air pressure, sound waves, radiation); Chemical factors (natural chemical factors, synthetic chemicals)
natural environment
Politics, economy, culture, systems, regulations, education, customs, religion, etc.
medical and health services
definition
Refers to the impact of the improvement of social medical and health facilities and systems on health. ring. Includes preventive, health, medical and rehabilitation services.
behavior and lifestyle
Features
Stealth, Cumulative, Widespread Impact
Four major influencing factors
Four cornerstones
Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption. Mental health. Reasonable diet. Moderate exercise.
Health Education and Health Promotion
health education
definition
Health Education (Health Education) is through planned and organized Systematic and evaluated social and educational activities, with information dissemination and education as the intervention means, a series of activities aimed at changing individual and group behavior and their process. The purpose is to help individuals and groups change unhealthy behaviors and establish healthy lives. lifestyle, thereby serving disease prevention, patient rehabilitation, improving physical and mental health, and improving High quality of human life.
Health education = knowledge (knowledge), faith (belief), action (behavior)
health promotion
definition
Health Promotion is to encourage people to maintain and improve their The process of their own health, a strategy for coordinating humans with their environment, defines the individual The respective responsibilities of people and society for health. (WHO) Health promotion is the use of administrative or organizational means to broadly coordinate various relevant departments of society. and communities, families and individuals to fulfill their respective responsibilities for health and jointly maintain and a social behavior and social strategy that promotes health. (China)
Health promotion = health education social support
health literacy
definition
Health Literacy refers to an individual’s ability to acquire and understand health information, and the ability to use this information to maintain and promote their own health. Resident health Literacy evaluation indicators have been incorporated into the national health development plan as a comprehensive reflection Evaluation indicators reflecting the development of national health services. Citizen health literacy includes three aspects: basic knowledge and concepts, healthy lifestyles and behaviors, and basic skills.
⭐By 2022 and 2030, the health literacy level of national residents will be no less than 22% and 30% respectively
significance
·Health education is an objective need for human beings to fight against diseases. ·Health education is the product of the contradiction between people's great desire to improve their health and limited resources. ·Health education is the inevitable result of the development of medical science.
Health-related behaviors (P26)
Human behavior and behavioral characteristics
definition
Behavior is the response of an organism to stimuli from the internal and external environment. Including internal physiological and psychological changes, it is the explicit activity of a complete organism.
overt behavior
Behaviors that can be directly observed by others, such as speech, behavior, expressions, etc.
implicit behavior
Behaviors and mental activities that cannot be directly observed by others.
Overview
Human behavior refers to having cognitive and thinking abilities and psychological activities such as emotions and inhibitions. The active response of active people to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Classification
instinctive behavior
basic survival behavior
Examples: curiosity, sexual behavior, breathing behavior, avoidance behavior, etc.
racial protective behavior
Aggression and self-defense behavior
social behavior
professional conduct
social role behavior
recreational activities
elements
Subject: people Object: the goal towards which a person’s behavior is directed Environment: the objective environment in which the behavioral subject and the behavioral object interact. Means: the methods and tools used by the behavioral subject to act on the behavioral object. Result: the effect of behavior on the object of the behavior
Features
Biological and social, purpose, plasticity, difference, adaptability, development
biological
Human biology determines the biology of behavior, and behavioral characteristics are related to genetics All behavioral reactions are based on physiological form and function as the basis and premise
Sociality
Human sociality determines human social behavior Human social behavior is established through the socialization process
Purpose
Purpose of human behavior is the premise of health education
Adaptability
Adaptive behavior definition: It refers to the way and method of interaction between the body and the environment that conforms to the requirements of environmental and ecological laws, maintains harmony with the environment, and at the same time satisfies its own needs.
behavioral development
Internal factors and motivation
The contradiction between the new needs caused by the requirements put forward by society and practice to the behavioral subject and its existing psychological level.
Features
.The deepening and complication of individual cognitive activities .Changes in the relationship between the individual and the surrounding environment affect the development of behavior .Individual behavior is improving day by day .Continuity and imbalance of individual behavioral development
Factors influencing behavior (P29)
own factors
genetic factors and psychological factors
envirnmental factor
natural and social environment
health related behaviors
definition
Behaviors of individuals or groups that are related to health or disease (individual health-related behaviors and group health-related behaviors)
Classification
Promote healthy behaviors
Daily healthy behaviors, health care behaviors, early warning behaviors, avoiding environmental hazard behaviors, and quitting bad habits
health-risk behaviors
Characteristics: Harmful, long latency, poor specificity, strong synergy, large variability, widespread existence, learnability
Specific content: bad lifestyle and habits, pathogenic behaviors, bad disease behaviors, violations
pathogenic behavior Type A: related to the occurrence of coronary heart disease Type C: related to tumorigenesis
Irregularities Substance abuse, disorderly conduct, non-marital sex, drug abuse, etc.
Health behavior intervention strategies based on ecological models (P42)
Theories related to behavior change (P52)
Knowledge, belief and action behavior model
In the process of behavior change, there are two key steps: establishing beliefs and changing attitudes.
Definition: It is the abbreviation of knowledge, attitude, belief and behavior. It is a more mature model of behavior change.
Health Belief Model (P69)
Health beliefs are the key for people to accept persuasion, change bad behaviors, and adopt healthy behaviors
Definition: The beliefs people hold about health and disease.
Basic content: awareness of disease threat (perceived threat); Perceptions of benefits and barriers to health behaviors (behavioral appraisal); efficacy expectations.
Stage Change Theory (P85)
This model takes a developmental perspective on health behavior. Changes in human behavior are actually a It is a continuous and dynamic process. When people take or give up a certain behavior, it is essentially a decision. process.
This theory effectively combines cognition, behavior, and time in behavioral change. it considers every At each stage, each individual's cognition and behavior are different.
Content: This theory includes four cores: stages of change, change process, decision-making balance, and self-efficacy. member.
Five major stages: no intention period, intention period, preparation period, action period, maintenance period (defined by the next 6 months)
individual level
innovation diffusion theory
Definition: refers to an innovation (new concept, new thing or new practice) through certain communication channels, spread over a period of time in a social system, and The process of being gradually understood and adopted by members of a social system.
Four elements: innovation, communication channels, time, social system
innovation formation, Innovation decision-making process (cognition stage, persuasion stage, decision-making stage, implementation stage, confirmation stage)
Early adopters (leaders of public opinion, who are more likely to accept new ideas and have a decisive effect on subsequent adopters.)
The three variables of diffusion are: the characteristics of the new thing itself, the characteristics of the target group, and communication strategies, channels and methods.
community and group levels
Health Communication and Skills
Communication and health communication
spread
Definition: Communication is the act of transmitting information socially and is a personal Exchange and transfer news, facts, and opinions between individuals, between groups, and between individuals and groups information process.
Basic attributes (characteristics): sociality, universality, interactivity, sharing, symbolism, purpose, etc.
Five elements: communicator, information or message, communication medium, receiver, communication effect
Two-way communication
United States Wilbur Schramm
In 1954, he proposed two-way communication - a circular model of information dissemination. Reflects the characteristics of interpersonal communication and is not suitable for the mass communication process
Classification of communication
self-propagation
interpersonal communication
It is the most direct information communication and exchange activity between people, the most basic form of communication for information sharing and the basis for establishing interpersonal relationships.
Features: Disseminate wholeheartedly, holographic information, personalized information, full communication, slow speed, covering a small number of people (Full-body, holographic, personalized, interactive, targeted, convenient, diverse)
Communication methods: verbal and non-verbal (feedback skills, questioning skills, listening skills, speaking skills, establishing good interpersonal relationships)
group communication
The most basic, commonly used and flexible means of communication
organizational communication
mass media
health communication
Definition: Refers to taking "everyone's health" as the starting point and using various communication media channels and methods for collecting, producing, transmitting, dispersing, and distributing for the purpose of maintaining and promoting human health The process of sharing health information.
Features: 1. Health communication activities are public and welfare-oriented 2. The quality requirements for health communicators are relatively special. 3. What is conveyed is health information. 4. Have a clear purpose 5. The communication process is complex
Significance: It is the basic strategy of health education and runs through all aspects of health education and health promotion activities. It is one of the means to promote public health and has a multi-level impact on the target population. It can provide scientific basis and methods for health promotion decision-making. Appropriate communication techniques can reduce health promotion costs. Appropriate communication methods can achieve twice the result with half the effort. It is one of the symbols of the scientific and technological development of a country or region's civilization level.
Development: Therapeutic Communication Education and Communication Movement Health Communication
The practice of health education and health education promotion projects
Health education plan (scientific management action guide, coordination program, evaluation scale)
plan design
Definition: An organization uses scientific predictions based on actual conditions to propose results to be achieved within a certain period of time in the future. The goal and the methods and approaches to achieve this goal and the process of all activities.
Principles: Target principle, Holistic principle, Participation principle, Feasibility principle, Flexibility principle
Identifying priorities and behavioral factors for prioritizing interventions
Basic principles of priority projects: principle of importance, principle of effectiveness, principle of feasibility, principle of cost-effectiveness
Determine planning goals
Overall goal: macro and long-term Specific goals: educational goals, behavioral goals, health goals
Specific design requirements: 4W2H
Determine intervention framework
Determine target audience
According to the relationship, it is divided into: first-level, second-level and third-level target groups. According to physiological indicators, genetic tendencies and behavioral risk factors: high-risk groups, key groups, and the general population
Determine the key points among the three types of behavioral influencing factors
Tendency factors Reinforcing factors Facilitating factors
Identify educational venues
Educational institutions Health institutions Workplaces Public places Residential homes
Determine intervention strategy
Category: Educational Strategy Social Strategy Environmental Strategy Resource Strategy
For example: peer education
Principles: Variability, Feasibility, Pertinence, Integration, Economic Effectiveness, Sustainability
Identify intervention activities
"Time period work content" includes activity content, schedule, preparation of educational activities, personnel training, etc.
Intervention activity organization network and personnel team building
Determine monitoring and quality control plan
Develop project budget
Health education implementation
Develop an implementation schedule (the core of the entire execution plan and the basis for achieving target management)
Specific work content
designated responsible person
Detection Indicator
budget
Special needs
Establish project organization structure
Leading agency Executing agency Organizational coordination and cooperation Policy support Actively mobilize target groups to participate in the project (community development)
Cultivate key personnel at all levels
Training principles: clear purpose, integration of theory with practice, emphasis on skills training, timely evaluation
Elements of training plan development: time, location, content objects, scope and cost, content and methods
Educational communication material management
Analyze needs and determine information, formulate material production plan, form first draft of materials, pre-test, production release and use, evaluation Avoid "doing it without sending it out, sending it out without using it, sending it out without using it"
Quality control implemented
evaluate
form an evaluation
Definition: An evaluation of the content of the project plan before or early in its execution, Is a process that informs the design and development of health education programs
process evaluation
Definition: It is to monitor the progress of each project of the plan during the implementation of the plan. Understand and ensure that planned activities can develop according to planned procedures.
Note: Establish a complete monitoring system and accurate data collection methods.
Evaluation methods: direct observation, community and target population survey, holding meetings, tracking and understanding the situation
Effect evaluation
Also called short-term or mid-term effect evaluation,
Ending evaluation
also called long-term effect
Green mode (P191)
Health Education Diagnosis and Evaluation (P195)
Health education on important health issues
Health problems: refers to the non-health state displayed by an individual, including diseases, injuries, sub-health states or health defects, etc.
Tobacco control
addiction
Definition: A recurring, recurring condition caused by the repeated use of natural or synthetic drugs. A chronic state of obsession that leads to an uncontrollable desire to use again. At the same time, thoughts will arise It is necessary to increase the tendency of drug dosage, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and other phenomena, so for the drug The resulting effects create psychological and physical dependence. (WHO)
type
Physiological addiction. After repeated use of addictive substances, certain physiological and biochemical changes occur in the central nervous system. As a result, these drugs need to remain in the body for a long time to avoid special withdrawal symptoms.
Psychological addiction is the user's desire for addictive substances in order to obtain the special pleasure after taking addictive drugs. or stress-induced relapse.
Behavioral addiction is the behavior of excessive indulgence in something or an activity, which does not include the intake of drugs. like Gambling addiction, Internet addiction, sexual promiscuity addiction, excessive eating, excessive exercise, etc.
Behavioral characteristics
Psychological dependence Psychological dependence Social dependence Withdrawal symptoms
Morphine withdrawal symptoms are also called the "wet effect" Nicotine withdrawal, irritability, listlessness
Influencing factors
Social factors Social environment Group effect (herd mentality) Communication media Family Culture
tobacco
Active smoking: Toxic substances after combustion: nicotine content, tar content, carbon monoxide content
Nicotine highly addictive substance
Cigarette tar is an important substance that causes lung cancer and throat cancer
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to cause hypoxia
passive smoking
thirdhand smoke
Particulate matter after burning tobacco,
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
legally binding global treaty
Chronic disease
AIDS
Place health education (P266)