Observe directly with a dark field microscope, rotating and active movement

Silver-plated dyeing, bacterial cells golden or brown

Contains rabbit serum or bovine serum

Hook-like structures (adhesins and axonemes)

adhesins and invasive enzymes

Endotoxin-like substances (ELS)

Hemolysin

Basic lesions

Clinical manifestations vary greatly

route of infection

Anti-rat and rodent control, water source protection, multivalent vaccine

Penicillin is the first choice (Herx reaction - causes chills and high blood pressure, may be related to the spirochete's lysis of toxic substances)

Small spiral, 3 to 4 inner flagella with tapered ends

Structure and staining: similar to Leptospira

Cannot be cultured on non-living media

Nichols strain (maintains virulence)

Reiter strain (lost virulence)

capsule-like substance, adhesion factor, invasive enzyme

syphilis

Bacterial immunity/infectious immunity

Smear—darkfield microscopy, direct fluorescence immunoassay

Etiological examination - chancre, syphilis exudate, lymph node aspirate

Serological testing

Strengthen sexual health education, there is currently no vaccine

Treat it as early as possible and penicillin can cure it completely

Both ends are slightly pointed, similar to Leptospira, but with fewer and irregular spirals

Osp antigen

Animal hosts: many, hares and deer are more important

Transmission vector: Various types of Ixodes ticks (bite animals and then bite humans)

Lyme disease

Humoral immunity

Prevent tick bites

relapsing fever