(1) Retromolar triangle: located behind the mandibular third molar, in a triangular shape

(2) Remolar pad

The upper boundary is the base of the nose, the lower boundary is the mentalolabial groove, and the labial facial grooves are the boundaries on both sides.

1. Mouth clefts and quarrels

2. Lipstick and white lips

3. Lip red edge

4. Lip arch: The red edge of the upper lip is in an M-shaped arch.

5. Lip peak: the highest point of the M-shaped lip arch on both sides of the upper lip

6. Lip beads (upper lip tubercle)

7. People’s midpoint

8. Philtrum: The philtrum is an important surface structure of the upper lip skin.

9. Renzhong point: The intersection point of the upper and middle 1/3 of the philtrum is the Renzhong point, which is a first-aid acupoint.

10. Philtrum crest

1.Skin

2. Superficial fascia

3. Muscle layer

4. Submucosa

5. Mucous membrane

From the superior and inferior labial arteries branching from the facial artery

Features: 1. The lymphatic drainage of the upper lip is relatively extensive 2. The lymphatic vessels in the middle of the lower lip can cross to the opposite side

Lymphatic vessels from the upper lip drain into the submandibular lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels from the upper lip sometimes drain into the preauricular lymph nodes or deep superior cervical lymph nodes.

Sensory nerves come from: branches of the maxillary and mandibular nerves. The sensory nerves of the upper lip are innervated by the infraorbital nerve that passes through the infraorbital foramen. Sensation to the lower lip is innervated by the mental nerve which passes through the mental foramen. The movement of the lips is controlled by the facial nerve (mainly the upper and lower buccal branches of the facial nerve).

1. Sensitive to temperature and touch to prevent inappropriate food from entering the mouth

2. Helps ingest and transport food

3. Prevent food or drinks from spilling from the mouth

The anterior border of the cheek is the labiofacial groove; the posterior border is the anterior border of the masseter muscle; the upper border is the lower border of the zygomatic bone; the lower border is the lower border of the mandible.

Six layers of cheeks and five layers of lips (five layers of lips and six layers of cheeks)

Skin, subcutaneous tissue, buccal fascia, buccinator muscle, submucosa, mucous membrane

Blood supply: facial artery, infraorbital artery, transverse facial artery, venous blood mainly returns to facial vein.

Buccal lymphatics drain into submandibular lymph nodes

Buccal movement is innervated by the facial nerve, and sensation is innervated by the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve.

(1) Midpalatal suture

(2) Incisive papilla

(3) Palatal folds

(4) Maxillary hard area and maxillary protuberance

(5) Greater palatine foramen

(6) Wing hook

Hard palate mucosa, submucosa, hard palate periosteum, hard palate bone plate

(1) The submucosa is different at the front and back of the hard palate. The front part contains a small amount of fat and no glands; the back part has more palatine glands, so palatine gland tumors mostly occur in the back part of the hard palate.

(2) The periosteum of the hard palate has the characteristic of being more closely attached to the mucosa and submucosa than to the bone surface.

(3) The oral mucosa of the hard palate is chewing mucosa. The mucoperiosteum of the hard palate is not easy to move and can withstand friction and chewing pressure. The mucosa in the midline is directly attached to the periosteum.

(4) The mucoperiosteum of the hard palate is very thin at the midline of the palate, but is significantly thicker on both sides near the alveolar bone. This is because it contains palatine glands, nerves, and blood vessels.

1. Anatomical landmarks on the soft palate surface

2.Levels of the soft palate

Blood supply: The descending palatine artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, is supplied by the greater (lesser) palatine artery through the greater (lesser) palatine foramen. The anterior part of the palate is supplied by the nasopalatine artery, the terminal branch of the sphenopalatine artery, through the incisal foramen, and the two terminal branches anastomose at the palate.

Lymphatic drainage: deep upper cervical lymph nodes

nerve:

The part located under the tongue and floor of mouth mucosa and above the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles. The anterior boundary and both sides of the sublingual area are the medial surface of the mandibular body, and the posterior boundary ends at the base of the tongue.

Sublingual area: The sublingual area is divided into left and right parts by the geniohyoid muscle originating from the mental spine of the mandible.

Sublingual area communication: The front ends of the left and right sublingual areas are connected to each other deep to the lingual frenulum; the rear ends of the left and right sublingual areas are connected to the submandibular space through the cleft between the mylohyoid muscle and the hyoid muscle.

Sublingual caruncle (also known as sublingual caruncle)

sublingual fold

1. Sublingual gland

2. Submandibular gland duct

3. Hypoglossal nerve and hypoglossal nerve accompanying veins

4. Sublingual artery

The lymphatic capillaries are continuous with the network of lymphatic capillaries in the lower gums, under the tongue, and in the sublingual gland.

1. Dorsal part of tongue

2. Surface markings on the back of the tongue

1. Tongue ventral surface landmarks

2. Local anatomical characteristics of the tongue abdominal submucosa

The tongue muscle is located between the upper and lower sides of the tongue and is called the striated muscle. It is divided into two parts: internal tongue muscle and external tongue muscle.

Intrinsic tongue muscles: originate and end in the tongue, they are the supralingual longitudinal muscle, hypoglossal longitudinal muscle, transverse tongue muscle and vertical tongue muscle.

External tongue muscles: They mainly originate from the mandible, hyoid bone, styloid process and soft palate and end on the tongue. They are called genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglossus muscles respectively.

Blood: Lingual artery, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue also has branches from the ascending pharyngeal artery. The terminal branches of the lingual artery are the hypoglossal artery and the deep lingual artery.

The tongue's venous blood returns through two pathways:

1. Most of the lymphatic vessels at the tip of the tongue go to the submental lymph nodes, and the other part goes to the omohyoid muscle lymph nodes in the neck.

2. Part of the marginal or lateral lymph nodes in the front 2/3 of the tongue drains to the submandibular lymph nodes, and the other part of the lymphatic vessels drains to the deep superior cervical lymph nodes. (especially the lymph nodes at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery)

3. The central lymphatic vessel of the tongue drains the lymph on both sides of the midlingual suture, descends between the genioglossus muscles, and then merges left and right into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

The general sensation in the front 2/3 of the tongue is controlled by the lingual nerve, and the taste is controlled by the taste fibers of the chorda tympani that participate in the lingual nerve.

The general sensation and taste in the back 1/3 of the tongue are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (but the middle part of the back 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the vagus nerve)

The mucous membrane in the back 1/3 of the tongue is sensitive

The tongue has the following basic functions:

1. The tongue is an assister and participant in speech, chewing, sucking, and swallowing. The functions of the tongue in chewing activities include:

2. General sensory and special sensory (taste) functions of the tongue.

3. In establishing the balance of internal and external power, the tongue is also the provider of medial power.

4. In traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment, the tongue is an important window for traditional Chinese medicine to observe and diagnose certain diseases throughout the body.

Pharynx: It is a funnel-shaped muscular tube that is wide at the top, narrow at the bottom, and slightly flattened front and back. The pharynx starts from the base of the skull (the top wall is tightly attached to the base of the skull with a fibrous membrane), goes down to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, and continues to the esophagus at the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage. The total length in adults is about 12~14cm.

Divisions of pharynx:

From inside to outside: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia

tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph follicles

Blood: Ascending pharyngeal artery, superior thyroid artery, facial artery, dorsal lingual artery, maxillary artery

The rich blood supply of the palatine tonsils comes from the branches of the external carotid artery: 1. Ascending pharyngeal artery tonsils 2. Facial artery tonsillar branch 3. Ascending palatine artery of facial artery 4. Dorsal lingual artery of lingual artery 5. Descending palatine artery of maxillary artery

Nerve: Pharyngeal plexus

Lymphatic drainage: Injection into deep cervical lymph nodes