nose

throat

trachea

bronchi

Lung apex: 2~3cm higher than the upper 1/3 of the inner clavicle. It is a common site for tuberculosis. The base of the lungs: adjacent to the septum, sunken upward, also called the diaphragmatic surface. Lateral surface: connects the ribs and intercostal muscles, also called the costal surface Medial surface: adjacent to the mediastinum, also called the mediastinal surface, The depression in the middle of this face is called the hilus, which is where the main bronchi, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit. The structures leading in and out of the hilum are wrapped in bundles of connective tissue called pulmonary roots

There is a cardiac notch at the lower front edge of the left lung

The difference between fetal lungs and adult lungs: Fetal and newborn lungs that have never breathed do not contain air. Forensic doctors often use this feature to determine whether a newborn has died in utero.

There are two pleural cavities on the left and right, which are not connected to each other. There is a small amount of serous fluid in the cavity and there is a slight negative pressure in the cavity.

The top of the pleura is between the junction of the sternoclavicular joint and the middle and inner 1/3 of the clavicle, 2~3cm higher than the top of the clavicle.

The costophrenic recess is also called the costophrenic sinus. Formed by reflection of the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura It has the lowest position and the largest capacity. Pleural effusion often accumulates in the costophrenic recess first.

The mediastinal and transverse recesses and the swing of the mediastinum will stimulate the vagus nerve. Causes cardiac arrest, the first aid method is to seal the pleural cavity.

The upper part is the thymus area, which contains the thymus, and the lower part is the pericardial area, which is located under the sternum body and behind the 4th and 5th costal cartilages on the left side. There is no pleura covering the front of the pericardium in this area. The left costal angle is a safe area for clinical pericardiocentesis.

The lower boundary of the lung is at the junction of the midclavicular line and the sixth rib, and the junction of the midaxillary line and the eighth rib. The junction between the scapular line and the 10th rib, and the junction between the posterior midline and the spinous process of the 10th thoracic vertebra. The lower pleural boundary is at the junction of the midclavicular line and the eighth rib, and the junction of the midaxillary line and the 10th rib. The junction between the scapular line and the 11th rib, and the junction between the posterior midline and the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra.