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immune system

The immune system is one of the important components of the organism. It protects the body from various harmful factors through various mechanisms, thereby maintaining the health and stability of the body.

Edited at 2023-11-09 12:00:32

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immune system

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immune system

Molecular basis

Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC molecules)

T cell and B cell surface specific antigen receptors

composition

lymphoid organs

Central lymphoid organs (prenatal)

Thymus

structure

membrane

interlobular septa

Separates parenchyma into thymic lobules

substance

cortex

Thymic epithelial cells (scaffold)

structure

Star-shaped, with protuberances and desmosomal connections

nurse cells

Some subcapsular epithelial cells have rich cytoplasm surrounding thymocytes

Function

Secretes thymosin, thymosin and thymopoietin

Thymocytes (many)

T cells

Stromal cells (less)

medulla

Thymic epithelial cells (multiple)

Polygonal, large cell body

Thymocytes (naïve T cells) (less)

Macrophages

Thymic corpuscles (characteristic structures of the medulla)

Thymic epithelial cells arranged in concentric circles

Eosinophilic

blood-thymus barrier

definition

Cortical capillaries and surrounding structures act as a barrier

composition

continuous capillary endothelium

continuous periendothelial basement membrane

perivascular space, containing macrophages

epithelial basement membrane

a continuous layer of thymic epithelial cells

effect

Protect intracortical lymphocytes from foreign antigens and maintain a stable internal environment

Function

Where naive T cells are formed

Secrete a variety of hormones

Thymic stromal cells

Thymic epithelial cells

thymic dendritic cells

Macrophages

eosinophils

Mast cells

Fibroblasts

It is large in childhood, degenerates and shrinks after adolescence, the cortex disappears in old age, and the medulla can be retained throughout life.

marrow

Peripheral lymphoid organs (postnatal)

Lymph nodes

structure

Capsule: trabeculae

substance

cortex

Superficial cortex (B cell area)

lymph nodes

diffuse lymphoid tissue

Paracortical area (thymus-dependent area)

diffuse lymphoid tissue

Th cells

high endothelial venules

Endothelial cells have large nuclei, less heterochromatin, light staining, obvious nucleoli, and rich cytoplasm.

cortical lymphatic sinus

Classification

subcapsular sinus

Peritrabecular sinus

sinus wall

Flat endothelial cells and stellate endothelial cells serve as scaffolds

Reticular fibers, reticular cells, macrophages

Function

Lymph flows slowly in the sinuses, which facilitates macrophage clearance of antigens

medulla

medullary cord

high endothelial venules

T cells, B cells, plasma cells, macrophages

medullary sinus

Same structure as cortical lymphatic sinus, more macrophages

Function

filtering lymph

immune response

Spleen (the largest lymphatic organ in the human body)

structure

capsule and trabeculae

Mesothelium

Irregular dense connective tissue

Elastic fibers, type III collagen fibers, smooth muscle fibers

substance

white marrow

periarterial lymphatic sheath (=paracortical area)

distributed

around the central artery

composition

Large numbers of T cells

interdigitating cells

few macrophages

lymph nodes

fringe zone

definition

Stenosis at the junction of red pulp and white pulp

composition

Macrophages

B cells

Marginal sinus (end of central artery collateral)

The channel through which antigens and lymphocytes in the blood enter the white pulp

Red pith

splenic cord

lymphoid tissue rich in blood cells

splenic sinusoids

long rod endothelial cells

Incomplete basement membrane

Function

filter blood

immune response

hematopoiesis

tonsil

Lymphoid tissue

composition

diffuse lymphoid tissue

Mainly T cells

High endothelial venules (HEVs)/postcapillary venules

An important channel for lymphocytes to enter lymphoid tissue from the blood

lymph nodes (lymph follicles)

Mainly B cells

germinal center

dark zone

B cells, Th cells

Strongly basophilic

Ming District

B cells, Th cells, macrophages

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC)

Can combine with antigen to form antigen-antibody complex

small knot cap

A dense layer of small lymphocytes surrounding the germinal center

Classification

Primary lymph nodes (no germinal centers)

secondary lymph nodes

effect

site of immune response

Immune Cells

Lymphocytes

T cells (cellular immunity)

Source: bone marrow

Mature: Thymus

naive T cells

effector T cells

memory T cells

Helper T cells (Th cells)

Helper B cells and Tc cells conduct immune responses

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

Directly attack allogeneic cells, tumor cells and virus-infected cells

Release of perforin and granzymes

Regulatory T cells (Tr cells)

Negative regulatory function, inhibiting the proliferation, differentiation and activity of T cells

B cells (humoral immunity)

Source: bone marrow

Effector B cells (plasma cells)

Secrete antibodies to prevent pathogens from adhering to cells

naïve B cells

memory B cells

NK cells

Source: bone marrow

No need for antigen-presenting cell intermediary, no MHC restriction, the body’s first natural line of defense against tumors and infections

lymphocyte recirculation

Macrophages and mononuclear phagocyte system

Monocytes and cells differentiated from them with phagocytic function

composition

Macrophages (connective, lymphatic)

Osteoclasts (bone)

microglia (nerves)

Liver macrophages (Kupffer cells)

Lung macrophages (dust cells)

Function

Devour and kill

Participate in immune response

Secrete large amounts of soluble factors

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

Antigenic peptide/MHC molecule complex

presented to T cells

dendritic cells (DC)

Features

Strongest, few, widely distributed

Derived from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells

include

Langerhans cells (epidermis)

Interstitial DC (heart, liver, kidney, lung, digestive tract)

Thymic DC

Blood DC

Veil cells (lymph)

Staggered cells (peripheral lymphoid tissue)

Mononuclear/macrophages

B lymphocytes

Granulocytes

Mast cells

immunologically active molecules

Immunoglobulin

complement

Cytokines

Function

Immune defense (external diseases)

Immune surveillance (internal variation)

Immune homeostasis (internal decline)