1. Aorta: The media of aorta contains multiple layers of elastic membrane and a large number of elastic fibers, while there are fewer smooth muscle fibers. It is also called elastic artery. ① Intima: It is composed of endothelium and subendothelial layer. There is no obvious boundary between intima and media. W-P bodies of endothelial cells are particularly abundant; ② Media: the thickest, containing 40-70 layers of elastic membrane arranged in concentric circles; ③ Adventitia: Thin, composed of loose connective tissue, external elastic membrane is not obvious

2. Medium artery: The smooth muscle fibers in the media of the vessel wall are quite abundant, so it is also called muscular artery. ① Intima: The subendothelial layer is thin, and there are 1-2 layers of obvious internal elastic membrane at the junction of the tunica media and the tunica media. The boundary between the intima and media is obvious; ② Media: thicker, composed of 10-40 layers of circular smooth muscle fibers; ③Adventitial membrane: The thickness is close to that of the media, and it is composed of loose connective tissue.

3. Small arteries, with diameters generally between 0.3-1mm, are similar in structure to medium arteries, but each layer is thinner, and generally the internal elastic lamina is obvious. The media contains 3-9 layers of circular smooth muscle fibers, and is also a muscular artery. Usually no external elastic membrane

4. The diameter of arterioles is generally less than 0.3mm, and each layer is thin. There is no internal and external elastic membrane, and the media contains 1-2 layers of smooth muscle fibers.

1. Endocardium: It is composed of endothelium and subendothelial layer. The subendothelial layer can be divided into inner and outer layers. The inner layer is thin and dense connective tissue; the outer layer is close to the myocardium and is called the subendocardium, which is loose connective tissue. The subendocardium of the ventricle contains the branches of the cardiac conduction system, the Purkinje fibers.

2. Myocardial membrane: mainly composed of myocardial fibers. Myocardial fiber bundles are arranged in a spiral shape and can be divided into three layers: inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer oblique layers. There are also Purkinje fibers in the ventricular muscle; the myocardium is thinner in the atria and thickest in the left ventricle. Between the atrium and ventricular muscles, dense connective tissue forms a tough scaffolding structure that supports the heart's skeleton. The atrial muscle and the ventricular muscle are respectively attached to the cardiac skeleton, and the two parts of the myocardium are not continuous.

3. Epicardium: the visceral layer of the pericardium, which is the serosa.

4. Heart valve: It is a thin sheet-like structure formed by the endocardium protruding into the cavity. The surface of the heart valve is endothelium and the interior is dense connective tissue

(1) Neutrophils: round; the nucleus is divided into rod-shaped nuclei and lobulated nuclei. The more lobed the cells, the more senescent they are; the cytoplasm contains small light purple azurophilic granules and light red special granules. . It has strong chemotactic and phagocytic functions, mainly engulfing bacteria.

(2) Basophils: round, with lobulated nuclei, either S-shaped or irregular, with basophilic granules of varying sizes and uneven distribution in the cytoplasm, stained purple-blue, which can be Nuclear cover. The granules contain histamine, heparin, etc., which can participate in allergic reactions.

(3) Eosinophils: round and larger than neutrophils; the nuclei are mostly 2-lobed and arranged in an "eight" shape; the cytoplasm is filled with thick, bright red eosinophilic granules, and the granules contain histamine and aromatic enzymes. Histamine and aryl sulfatase can inactivate histamine and leukotriene respectively to reduce allergic reactions, and cationic protein can kill parasites. Therefore, when suffering from allergic diseases or parasitic diseases, eosinophils increase in the blood.

(4) Mononuclear cells: the largest in size, round, with kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nuclei, weakly basophilic cytoplasm, and containing small azurophilic granules.

(5) Lymphocytes: There are only small and medium lymphocytes in the blood, and there are also large lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues; they are round, with round nuclei and often have shallow concavities on one side; the cytoplasm is basophilic.

Many cells, tightly arranged, little extracellular matrix

Obvious polarity, can be divided into free surface, side surface and basal surface

Avascular, rich in nerve endings

protect, absorb, secrete and excrete

stratified covering epithelium

Superficial cells: stratified squamous epithelium is composed of several layers of flat cells, and transitional epithelium is composed of large cuboidal cover cells containing binucleates.

Keratinization: Stratified squamous epithelium will form but transitional epithelium will not.

Changes: The number and shape of epithelial cells can change with the contraction and expansion of the organ. Stratified squamous epithelium does not.

Connected to deep connective tissue: stratified squamous epithelium is uneven, while metamorphic epithelium is flatter

Distribution: Stratified squamous epithelium is located in the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina, and transitional epithelium is distributed in the lumen of the urinary tract.

Specialized structure of the free surface of the epithelium

Composition: microvilli are microfilaments, cilia are microtubules

Function: Microvilli can expand the cell surface area, participate in absorption function, and the cilia swing in a direction to expel secretions and bacteria.

LM: Cone-shaped, round nucleus near the base, strong basophilic cytoplasm at the base, strong eosinophilic cytoplasm containing zymogen granules at the top

EM: rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory granules

LM: cone-shaped, with an oval nucleus and a base, and most of the cytoplasm is uncolored and appears to be foam or vacuole.

EM: rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, clay granules

secretory department

catheter

Single tubular gland. . . .

serous acini

mucinous acini

mixed acini

serous gonads

mucous gonads

mixed gonads

(1) Cells: There are seven types of cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, leukocytes and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

(2) Extracellular matrix: including fibers, matrix and tissue fluid.

(1) Compact bone: distributed on the outer surface of the diaphysis and epiphysis, the bone plates are closely combined, and can be divided into three types: ring bone plate, bone unit and interosseous plate

(2) Cancellous bone: Distributed on the inner surface of the backbone and the middle of the epiphysis, it is composed of a large number of needle-like or flaky bone trabeculae. A porous grid structure can be seen, and the middle is filled with bone marrow.

(3) Periosteum: It is divided into endosteum and episteum. The episteum is a dense connective tissue with thick collagen fiber bundles interwoven into a network. The endosteum is very thin. The main function of the periosteum is to nourish bone tissue and provide stem cells for bone growth and repair.

are composed of cartilage tissue and perichondrium

Chondrocytes can proliferate and divide to form homogeneous cell populations.

Cartilage matrix includes fibers and matrix

There are no blood vessels in the tissue